A Review of the Genotoxicity of Triallate

Abstract

Triallate is a selective herbicidal chemical used for control of wild oats in wheat. It has an extensive genotoxicity database that includes a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies. The chemical has produced mixed results in in vitro assay systems. It was genotoxic in bacterial mutation Ames assays, predominantly in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 in the presence of S9. Weaker responses have been observed in TA100 and TA1535 in the absence of S9. Mixed results have been observed in strain TA98, whereas no genotoxicity has been observed in strains TA1537 and TA1538. The presence and absence of S9 and its source seem to play a role in the bacterial response to the chemical. There have also been conflicting results in other test systems using other bacterial genera, yeast, and mammalian cells. Chromosome effects assays (sister-chromatid exchange and cytogenetics assays) have produced mixed results with S9 but no genotoxicity without S9. Triallate has not produced any genotoxicity in in vitro DNA damage or unscheduled DNA synthesis assays using EUE cells, human lymphocytes, and rat and mouse hepatocytes. In a series of in vivo genotoxicity assays (cytogenetics, micronucleus, dominant lethal, and unscheduled DNA synthesis), there has been no indication of any adverse genotoxic effect. Metabolism data indicate that the probable explanation for the differences observed between the in vitro studies with S9 and without S9 and between the in vitro and the in vivo studies is the production of a mutagenic intermediate in vitro at high doses of triallate is expected to be at most only transiently present in in vivo studies. The weight of evidence strongly suggests that triallate is not likely to exert mutagenic activity in vivo due to toxicokinetics and metabolic processes leading to detoxification.

Weight of Evidence: A Review of Concept and Methods

“…These 92 publications were further categorized in terms of how “weight of evidence” was defined. ( 4–95 ) Reference lists of these articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant documents (e.g., risk assessment guidelines from the Environmental Protection Agency ( 96–98 ) and other government agencies as well as classic methodologic articles (e.g., Austin Bradford Hill's classic 1965 article ( 99 ) on causation)). These were used throughout the text for illustrative purposes.…”

The release of contaminants from steel slags and natural aggregates: Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxicity

“…Due to the slight differences between the two sample types in terms of analyzed chemical composition, we assumed that NA samples might contain substances active as mutagens in S. typhimurium but not present in the list of analyzed parameters. Organic compounds such as herbicides (Healy et al ., 2003), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Man et al ., 2013; Feretti et al ., 2019), or chlorinated substances (Brüschweiler et al ., 2010) may act in this way. NA are indeed potentially exposed to environmental pollutants belonging to these categories (Bianchi et al ., 2015; Ming‐ch'eng Adams et al ., 2016; Bonetta et al ., 2019).…”

Ames Testi Kullanılarak Dentis Pestisitinin Mutajenitesinin Belirlenmesi

“…Çalışmaya ait S9 fraksiyonu varlığında ve yokluğunda plak inkorporasyon testi sonuçları Çizelge 1'de verilmiştir. Salmonella suşları, histidin operonundaki çeşitli genlerde farklı mutasyonlara sahiptir; bu mutasyonların her biri farklı mekanizmalar ile etki gösteren mutajenlere karşı cevap oluşturmak için dizayn edilmiştir (Ames and Maron, 1983;Healy et al, 2003). Bu mutant suşlar histidin üretemeyen özel suşlardır.…”

“…Bu testler kimyasal maddelerin mutajenik etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile kullanılmakta olup bu metodlar arasında en yaygın olarak kullanılanları kısa zamanda sonuçlanan bakteriyel testlerdir (Fuse et al, 2011;Oğuz, 2011). Ames (Salmonella/ Mikrozomal) testi, geçmişten günümüze kadar yaygın kullanım alanı bulan bakteriyel bir test sistemi olup, araştırmacılar tarafından farklı kimyasal maddelerin mutajenik aktivitelerinin değerlendirilmesinde sıklıkla kullanılmıştır (Healy et al, 2003;Coral et al, 2009;Akyıl, 2013;Eren, 2016). Bu çalışmada piretroid grubu bir pestisit olan Dentis'in ticari formunun kısa zamanlı bir bakteriyel test sistemi olan Ames testi ile mutajenik aktivitesinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.…”