A Review of the Literature on the Application of Blood Ammonia Measurement in Sports Science

Yuan, Yvonne; Chan, Kai‐Ming

doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.10608892

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…It has also been shown that a low carbohydrate diet induces changes in hormones, such as glucagon, catecholamines, and glucocorticoids, leading to increased protein breakdown and reduced pre-exercise muscle buffering capacity, which induces earlier AMP deaminase activation. 31 The increase in ammonia concentrations observed in our study may be the consequence of several factors including activation of type II fibres, low carbohydrate diet, peripheral fatigue, and increased activity of the purine nucleotide cycle. 32 Sutton et al 33 suggested that increased activity of the purine nucleotide cycle is reflected in increased plasma oxypurine levels.…”

Section: Effect Of the Judo Matchmentioning

confidence: 56%

Energy demands during a judo match and recovery

Degoutte¹

2003

Br J Sports Med

165

100

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Objective: To assess energy demand during a judo match and the kinetics of recovery by measuring the metabolites of the oxypurine cascade, lipolytic activity, and glycolytic pathway. Methods: Venous blood samples were taken from 16 national judoists (mean (SEM) age 18.4 (1.6) years), before (T 1 ) and three minutes (T 2 ), one hour (T 3 ), and 24 hours (T 4 ) after a match. A seven day diet record was used to evaluate nutrient intake. Results: Nutrient analysis indicated that these athletes followed a low carbohydrate diet. Plasma lactate concentration had increased to 12.3 (1.8) mmol/l at the end of the match. An increase in the levels of extracellular markers of muscle adenine nucleotide catabolism, urea, and creatinine was observed at T 2 , while uric acid levels remained unchanged. High concentrations of urea persisted for 24 hours during the recovery period. Ammonia, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and creatinine returned to control levels within the 24 hour recovery period. Uric acid concentrations rose from T 3 and had not returned to baseline 24 hours after the match. The levels of triglycerides, glycerol, and free fatty acids had increased significantly (p<0.05) after the match (T 2 ) but returned to baseline values within 24 hours. Concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly increased after the match. Conclusions: These results show that a judo match induces both protein and lipid metabolism. Carbohydrate availability, training adaptation, and metabolic stress may explain the requirement for these types of metabolism.

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Section: Effect Of the Judo Matchmentioning

confidence: 56%

Energy demands during a judo match and recovery

Degoutte¹

2003

Br J Sports Med

165

100

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“…It is also worth mentioning that a lower increase in NH 3 concentration can also be linked to a slower rate of glycolysis and glycogenolysis, especially in trained muscle [65,75]. Therefore, even maintaining exercise capacity (not only an increase) can prove a lower physiological cost of muscle work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study

Durkalec-Michalski

Kusy²,

Ciekot-Sołtysiak³

et al. 2019

Nutrients

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The study aimed to verify the effect of intra- (beta-alanine—BA) versus extra- (alkaline agents—ALK) cellular buffering agent supplementation, combined with customarily used branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and creatine malate (TCM) treatment in natural training conditions. Thirty-one elite athletes (11 sprinters and 20 endurance athletes) participated in the study. Eight-week randomized double-blind, crossover, combined supplementation with BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM and ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM was implemented. In the course of the experiment, body composition, aerobic capacity, and selected blood markers were assayed. After BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation, total fat-free mass increased in sprinters (p = 0.009). No other differences were found in body composition, respiratory parameters, aerobic capacity, blood lactate concentration, and hematological indices after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM/ALK-BAplaBCAA&TCM supplementation. The maximum post-exercise blood ammonia (NH3) concentration decreased in both groups after BA-ALKplaBCAA&TCM supplementation (endurance, p = 0.002; sprint, p < 0.0001). Also, lower NH3 concentrations were observed in endurance athletes in the post-exercise recovery period. The results of our study indicate that combined BCAA, TCM, and BA supplementation is more effective than combined BCAA, TCM and ALK supplementation for an increase in fat-free mass and exercise adaptation, but not for aerobic capacity improvement. Besides, it seems that specific exercise stimuli and the training status are key factors affecting exercise performance, even in athletes using efficient supplementation.

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“…9 Since the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal complex increases during exercise, 15 it is plausible that the amount of ammonia released from the airway epithelium might also increase following exercise. Second, the deamination of amino acids by skeletal muscle during exercise results in ammonia production, 16,17 and the concentration of ammonia in the blood has been observed to increase during exercise by as much as a factor of 8. [18][19][20][21] Due to its very high volatility, increased plasma concentrations of ammonia would be expected to lead to increased amounts of exhaled ammonia (although at physiological pH, only $1% of total ammonia is in a volatile state).…”

Section: Effects Of Exercise On Ebc Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic determinants of exhaled breath condensate pH before and after exercise in adolescent athletes

Greenwald

Ferdinands

Teague

2009

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Summary. Background: The pH of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of adolescent athletes engaged in vigorous physical activity is low compared to healthy controls; however, the ionic determinants of EBC pH and the acute effects of exercise on those determinants have not been definitively established. Objectives: This study had two purposes: (1) to identify the ionic composition of EBC before and after exercise, and (2) to examine the effects of sample deaeration on EBC pH and composition. Methods: EBC ionic composition was determined by ion chromatography and correlated with pH measured before and after deaeration. Bicarbonate concentration was calculated from the ion balance of other measured species and pH. Results: EBC pH displayed a bimodal distribution, included values lower than expected for healthy individuals, and was correlated exclusively with volatile species, namely ammonia (mean concentration ¼ 215 mM) and acetic (31.7 mM) and propionic acids (10.0 mM). Following exercise, raw EBC pH and ammonia concentration increased while propionic acid concentration fell. Following deaeration, EBC pH increased by one unit on average; however, the pH of samples with unusually low pH did not change significantly, and the concentrations of several ionic species were altered in a manner that cannot be explained in terms of volatility. Conclusions: We conclude that in healthy adolescents, exercise results in an acute increase in raw EBC pH in association with an increase in ammonium and a decrease in propionate concentration. Since exercise increases systemic ammonia and urea (which is hydrolyzed by oral bacteria to form ammonia), we propose that the likely source of these changes is gas-phase diffusion from epithelial and oral surface liquids and to a lesser extent, from pulmonary circulation.

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A Review of the Literature on the Application of Blood Ammonia Measurement in Sports Science

Cited by 10 publications

References 61 publications

Energy demands during a judo match and recovery

Energy demands during a judo match and recovery

The Effect of Beta-Alanine versus Alkaline Agent Supplementation Combined with Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Creatine Malate in Highly-Trained Sprinters and Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study

Ionic determinants of exhaled breath condensate pH before and after exercise in adolescent athletes

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