A Review of the Use of Eutectic Solvents, Terpenes and Terpenoids in Liquid–liquid Extraction Processes

Abstract

Diverse and abundant applications of the eutectic solvents have appeared in the last years. Their promising tunable properties, eco-friendly character and the possibility of being prepared from numerous compounds have led to the publication of numerous papers addressing their use in different areas. Terpenes and terpenoids have been employed in the formulation of eutectic solvents, though they also have been applied as solvents in extraction processes. For their hydrophobic nature, renewable character, low environmental impact, cost and being non-hazardous, they have also been proposed as possible substitutes of conventional solvents in the separation of organic compounds from aqueous streams, similarly to hydrophobic eutectic solvents. The present work reviews the application of eutectic solvents in liquid–liquid extraction and terpenes and terpenoids in extraction processes. It has been made a research in the current state-of-the-art in these fields, describing the proposed applications of the solvents. It has been highlighted the scale-up feasibility, solvent regeneration and reuse procedures and the comparison of the performance of eutectic solvents, terpenes and terpenoids in extraction with conventional organic solvents or ionic liquids. Ultimately, it has been also discussed the employ of predictive methods in extraction, the reliability of thermodynamic models in correlation of liquid–liquid equilibria and simulation of liquid–liquid extraction processes.

Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives

“…The properties of a particular terpene will define the optimum extraction method ( Yang et al, 2020 , Zhang and Hong, 2020 ). This is followed by compound identification, characterization, and authentication namely Thin Layer CT (Chromatostrip), High-Performance Counter-Current Chromatography (HPCCC), Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), High Performance Liquid Chromatography UV (HPLC-UV), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), Liquid Chromatograph (LC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Fast-GC Analysis and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) ( Rodríguez-Llorente et al, 2020 , Uwineza and Waśkiewicz, 2020 ).…”

Deep eutectic solvents on extraction of bisphenol A from water matrices: COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents prediction and experimental validation

“…Binary mixtures were prepared by transferring different concentrations (25,50,75, and 100 ppm) of aq. BPA solution to {[TBAB][Gly]} into air-tight 15 ml vial bottles with screw caped to prevent evaporation.…”

“…Moreover, DES's having unique physicochemical properties including air and moisture stable, tunable viscosity, negligible volatility, miscibility with organic solvents, and having good thermal stability 18–21 . Therefore, DESs have been widely used in the extraction, separation, electrochemical applications, and pre‐concentration of target components, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and sugars 8,22–26 …”

“…[18][19][20][21] Therefore, DESs have been widely used in the extraction, separation, electrochemical applications, and pre-concentration of target components, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and sugars. 8,[22][23][24][25][26] This work mainly focused on the synthesis of tetra butyl ammonium bromide glycerol { [TBAB][Gly]}, tetra butyl ammonium bromide decanoic acid { [TBAB][DA]}, and tetra butyl ammonium bromide oleic acid { [TBAB] [OA]} for the removal of BPA from the aquatic environment. Densities, the solution thermodynamic properties such as isobaric expansivity (α), excess isobaric expansivity (α E ), excess molar volume (V E m ), partial molar volume ( V 1 ), excess partial molar volume ( V E 1 ), apparent molar volume (V ; 1 ) and their infinite dilutions were calculated from measured densities data.…”

Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Nonionic Deep Eutectic Solvents Containing Phenolic Alcohols

“…Moreover, DES are easier and less expensive to prepare compared to IL. Therefore, more attention is directed to their use in several process applications, for example, in liquid–liquid chromatography ( Roehrer et al, 2016 ; Bezold and Minceva, 2019 ; Cai and Qiu, 2019 ), extraction of bioactive compounds ( Kalhor and Ghandi, 2019 ; Makoś et al, 2020 ; Perna et al, 2020 ; Rodríguez-Llorente et al, 2020 ; Fernández et al, 2022 ), and crystallization ( Emami and Shayanfar, 2020 ; Hall et al, 2020 ; Hamilton et al, 2020 ; Potticary et al, 2020 ).…”