A Review of THz Technologies for Rapid Sensing and Detection of Viruses including SARS-CoV-2

Akter, Naznin; Hasan, Muhammad Mahmudul; Pala, Nezih

doi:10.3390/bios11100349

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Although a variety of effective approaches have been proposed to improve their sensing performance including specificity and sensitivity, THz MM biosensors cannot fully meet the real-world requirements, especially for clinical analysis where the sample matrix often contains the target protein and many other proteins. We will extend our research on SARS-CoV-2 and similar virus detection by conducting the following strategies [40][41][42]: 1) selecting ultrahigh specific antibodies or aptamers as biorecognizing elements can prove a great level of specificity and quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in aqueous environments; 2) further improvement of micro/nano processing technology resulting to in low cost of THz-MM chips is needed; 3) real-time monitoring with microfluidic devices is required for the large-scale application, while there is no need for qualified personnel and a special room; and 4) the metabiosensor can be reusable.…”

Section: Measurements and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

High Sensitivity and Label-Free Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein Using a Terahertz Meta-Biosensor

2022

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High sensitivity and quantitative detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein (S protein) is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of coronaviruses. Here, we utilized terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) integrated with a metamaterial (MM)-based biosensor and biological modification technology to demonstrate a high accuracy and label-free detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein by comparing the changes of the dielectric environment before and after binding the S1 protein. To confirm the sensing characteristics observed in the experiments and provide a further insight into the sensing mechanisms, we performed numerical simulations through varying the thickness, quantity, position, and refractive index of analyte aggregates. The sensitivity increases with the increase of the number of gaps and the amount of analyte near the gaps, which convincingly proves that the frequency shift and sensing performance are strongly influenced by the field enhancement and near-field coupling at the gap area.

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Section: Measurements and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

High Sensitivity and Label-Free Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein Using a Terahertz Meta-Biosensor

2022

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“…In the THz range, the excitation of intra and intermolecular vibrations is greater than the absorption which marks THz technology as effective in sensing applications [5]. Terahertz range correlates to the vibrational resonances of significant biomolecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA [6]. In addition, THz technology is known for its non-ionizing nature which makes it suitable for label-free sensing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detectors based on THz metamaterials are proven to be capable of the accurate screening process and detection of biomaterials such as viruses [6]. In terms of the virus particle size, they cover a wide range of dimensions, from 30 nm for bacteriophage to around 120 nm for SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity Characterization of Multi-Band THz Metamaterial Sensor for Possible Virus Detection

2022

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The recent COVID-19 pandemic has shown that there is a substantial need for high-precision reliable diagnostic tests able to detect extremely low virus concentrations nearly instantaneously. Since conventional methods are fairly limited, there is a need for an alternative method such as THz spectroscopy with the utilization of THz metamaterials. This paper proposes a method for sensitivity characterization, which is demonstrated on two chosen multi-band THz metamaterial sensors and samples of three different subtypes of the influenza A virus. Sensor models have been simulated in WIPL-D software in order to analyze their sensitivity both graphically and numerically around all resonant peaks in the presence of virus samples. The sensor with a sandwiched structure is shown to be more suitable for detecting extremely thin virus layers. The distribution of the electric field for this sensor suggests a possibility of controlling the two resonant modes independently. The sensor with cross-shaped patches achieves significantly better Q-factors and refractive sensitivities for both resonant peaks. The reasoning can be found in the wave–sample interaction enhancement due to the better electromagnetic field confinement. A high Q-factor of around 400 at the second resonant frequency makes the sensor with cross-shaped patches a promising candidate for potential applications in THz sensing.

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“…Besides normally exhaling different VOCs, representing metabolic processes of body physiological biochemistry, human respiration may also contain specific biomarkers as result of internal chemistry changes during systemic disorders [ 16 ]. Endogenous gases may be also identified in the VOC analysis of exhaled air, including methane, isoprene, acetone, and aldehyde [ 15 ], mostly detected by gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical trial and detection of SARS-CoV-2 by a commercial breath analysis test based on Terahertz technology

et al. 2022

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Public health threats such as the current COVID-19 pandemics have required prompt action by the local, national, and international authorities. Rapid and noninvasive diagnostic methods may provide on-site detection and immediate social isolation, used as tools to rapidly control virus spreading. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate a commercial breath analysis test (TERA.Bio®) and deterministic algorithm for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 spectral signature of Volatile Organic Compounds present in exhaled air samples of suspicious persons from southern Brazil. A casuistic total of 70 infected and 500 non-infected patients were sampled, tested, and results later compared to RT-qPCR as gold standard. Overall, the test showed 92.6% sensitivity and 96.0% specificity. No statistical correlation was observed between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and infection by other respiratory diseases. Further studies should focus on infection monitoring among asymptomatic persons. In conclusion, the breath analysis test herein may be used as a fast, on-site, and easy-to-apply screening method for diagnosing COVID-19.

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A Review of THz Technologies for Rapid Sensing and Detection of Viruses including SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 30 publications

References 85 publications

High Sensitivity and Label-Free Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein Using a Terahertz Meta-Biosensor

High Sensitivity and Label-Free Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein Using a Terahertz Meta-Biosensor

Sensitivity Characterization of Multi-Band THz Metamaterial Sensor for Possible Virus Detection

Clinical trial and detection of SARS-CoV-2 by a commercial breath analysis test based on Terahertz technology

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