A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater

Fawcett-Hirst, William; Temple, Tracey; Ladyman, Melissa; Coulon, Frédéric

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07438

Cited by 34 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(190 reference statements)

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“…Owing to their ever-increasing demand and a continual increase in production, HMX and other energetic materials have led to environmental pollution [ 3 , 73 , 75 ]. Due to environmental legislation and the toxicity of these contaminants, there is a growing need for the development of a sustainable approach for their removal from contaminated soil and wastewater/groundwater [ 6 , 30 ].…”

Section: Advantages and Disadvantages Of Hmx Remediation Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview of Treatment Approaches for Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) Explosive in Soil, Groundwater, and Wastewater

Srivastava

Boczkaj

Lassi

2022

IJERPH

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Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) is extensively exploited in the manufacturing of explosives; therefore, a significant level of HMX contamination can be encountered near explosive production plants. For instance, up to 12 ppm HMX concentrations have been observed in the wastewater effluent of a munitions manufacturing facility, while up to 45,000 mg/kg of HMX has been found in a soil sample taken from a location close to a high-explosive production site. Owing to their immense demand for a variety of applications, the large-scale production of explosives has culminated in severe environmental issues. Soil and water contaminated with HMX can pose a detrimental impact on flora and fauna and hence, remediation of HMX is paramount. There is a rising demand to establish a sustainable technology for HMX abatement. Physiochemical and bioremediation approaches have been employed to treat HMX in the soil, groundwater, and wastewater. It has been revealed that treatment methods such as photo-peroxidation and photo-Fenton oxidation can eliminate approximately 98% of HMX from wastewater. Fenton’s reagents were found to be very effective at mineralizing HMX. In the photocatalytic degradation of HMX, approximately 59% TOC removal was achieved by using a TiO2 photocatalyst, and a dextrose co-substrate was used in a bioremediation approach to accomplish 98.5% HMX degradation under anaerobic conditions. However, each technology has some pros and cons which need to be taken into consideration when choosing an HMX remediation approach. In this review, various physiochemical and bioremediation approaches are considered and the mechanism of HMX degradation is discussed. Further, the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies are also discussed along with the challenges of HMX treatment technologies, thus giving an overview of the HMX remediation strategies.

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Section: Advantages and Disadvantages Of Hmx Remediation Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of diverse kinds of explosives in propelling rockets, the military, artilleries manufacturing, the mining industry, and construction is well recognized [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. One of the most commonly used explosives is octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine, also referred to as high melting explosive (HMX).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Treatment Approaches for Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) Explosive in Soil, Groundwater, and Wastewater

Srivastava

Boczkaj

Lassi

2022

IJERPH

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“…As a result, other avenues which are simpler, and more cost-effective must be explored. Adsorption processes are ultimately more convenient to reduce COD as they are already widely employed in the form of silica, activated carbon and different resins [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. TNT wastewater and many more industrial effluents have also been treated with catalysts such as microporous polystyrene resin RS 5OB, granular activated carbon (GAC) and nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NSZi) through a combination of advanced oxidation and Fenton process, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

et al. 2022

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The aim of the present work was to synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nano hollow spheres (NHS) via simple, one-pot, template-free, hydrothermal method. The structural, morphological, and surface analysis of Fe3O4 NHS were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR and burner-Emmett-teller (BET). The as obtained magnetic (Fe3O4) NHS were used as an adsorbent for treating industrial trinitrotoluene (TNT) wastewater to reduce its Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values. Adsorption capacity (Qe) of the NHS obtained is 70 mg/g, confirming the attractive forces present between adsorbent (Fe3O4 NHS) and adsorbate (TNT wastewater). COD value of TNT wastewater was reduced to >92% in 2 h at room temperature. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4 NHS was observed as a function of time, initial concentration, pH, and temperature. The applied Fe3O4 NHS was recovered for reuse by simply manipulating its magnetic properties with slight shift in pH of the solution. A modest decrease in Qe (5.0–15.1%) was observed after each cycle. The novel Fe3O4 NHS could be an excellent candidate for treating wastewater generated by the intermediate processes during cyclonite, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), nitroglycerin (NG) production and other various environmental pollutants/species.

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“…2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNT) is the best known of the nitroaromatic energetic compounds and has long been widely used . 1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNAN) is a shock-insensitive alternative to TNT, which is used for melt-cast explosives in modern munitions formulations such as PAX-21, , IMX-104, , and IMX-101 . Both compounds are susceptible to oxidation and reduction, under appropriate conditions, but the most ubiquitous abiotic reaction contributing to their environmental fate is hydrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Predictions of the Hydrolysis of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN)

et al. 2022

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Hydrolysis is a common transformation reaction that can affect the environmental fate of many organic compounds. In this study, three proposed mechanisms of alkaline hydrolysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4dinitroaniline (DNAN) were investigated with plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) combined with ab initio and classical molecular dynamics (AIMD/ MM) free energy simulations, Gaussian basis set DFT calculations, and correlated molecular orbital theory calculations. Most of the computations in this study were carried out using the Arrows web-based tools. For each mechanism, Meisenheimer complex formation, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and proton abstraction reaction energies and activation barriers were calculated for the reaction at each relevant site. For TNT, it was found that the most kinetically favorable first hydrolysis steps involve Meisenheimer complex formation by attachment of OH − at the C1 and C3 arene carbons and proton abstraction from the methyl group. The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions at the C2 and C4 arene carbons were found to be thermodynamically favorable. However, the calculated activation barriers were slightly lower than in previous studies, but still found to be ΔG ‡ ≈ 18 kcal/mol using PBE0 AIMD/MM free energy simulations, suggesting that the reactions are not kinetically significant. For DNAN, the barriers of nucleophilic aromatic substitution were even greater (ΔG ‡ > 29 kcal/mol PBE0 AIMD/MM). The most favorable hydrolysis reaction for DNAN was found to be a two-step process in which the hydroxyl first attacks the C1 carbon to form a Meisenheimer complex at the C1 arene carbon C1−(OCH 3 )OH − , and subsequently, the methoxy anion (−OCH 3 ) at the C1 arene carbon dissociates and the proton shuttles from the C1−OH to the dissociated methoxy group, resulting in methanol and an aryloxy anion.

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A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater

Cited by 34 publications

References 104 publications

An Overview of Treatment Approaches for Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) Explosive in Soil, Groundwater, and Wastewater

An Overview of Treatment Approaches for Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX) Explosive in Soil, Groundwater, and Wastewater

Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nano Hollow Spheres for Industrial TNT Wastewater Treatment

Computational Predictions of the Hydrolysis of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN)

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