A Review of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols and Challenges

Sahana, Subrata; Singh, Karan; Kumar, Rajesh; Das, Sanjoy

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6005-2_51

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The physical layer issues for UOWNs are well studied in the recent past but the research on network layer issues such as routing is still in its infancy. A number of routing protocols for underwater acoustic wireless networks have been highlighted in [213]- [217] some of which can be well adapted for UOWNs. The key point in adapting the existing routing protocols is that designers should take the angular sector shaped coverage region of optical nodes along with the fundamental tradeoff between the angle and radius of this sector.…”

Section: B Underwater Routing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey

et al. 2019

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Underwater wireless communications can be carried out through acoustic, radio frequency (RF), and optical waves. Compared to its bandwidth limited acoustic and RF counterparts, underwater optical wireless communications (UOWCs) can support higher data rates at low latency levels. However, severe aquatic channel conditions (e.g., absorption, scattering, turbulence, etc.) pose great challenges for UOWCs and significantly reduce the attainable communication ranges, which necessitates efficient networking and localization solutions. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive survey on the challenges, advances, and prospects of underwater optical wireless networks (UOWNs) from a layer by layer perspective which includes: 1) Potential network architectures; 2) Physical layer issues including propagation characteristics, channel modeling, and modulation techniques 3) Data link layer problems covering link configurations, link budgets, performance metrics, and multiple access schemes; 4) Network layer topics containing relaying techniques and potential routing algorithms; 5) Transport layer subjects such as connectivity, reliability, flow and congestion control; 6) Application layer goals and state-of-the-art UOWN applications, and 7) Localization and its impacts on UOWN layers. Finally, we outline the open research challenges and point out the future directions for underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization research.

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Section: B Underwater Routing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey

et al. 2019

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“…The growing interest in UWSNs and the continuous emergence of new innovative techniques have motivated previous attempts to study the features, implementation, and communication protocols of this applied field [9]- [11]. Many studies have been devoted to UWSNs, and new research efforts focusing on the development of routing protocols for UWSNs have been emerging.…”

Section: Review Of Existing Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on Recent Advancements in Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Khisa

Moh

2021

IEEE Access

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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become highly efficient in conducting various operations in maritime environments. Compared to terrestrial wireless sensor networks, routing protocols in UWSNs are prone to high propagation delay, high energy consumption, low bandwidth, and low throughput. UWSNs are remotely located and operate without the need for human intervention. Most sensor batteries are energy restricted and very difficult to replace. One of the major challenges of UWSNs is the uneven utilization of energy resources, which reduces the network lifetime. Therefore, an energy-efficient routing mechanism is necessary to overcome the aforementioned problems. Many significant studies have attempted to realize this goal by designing energy-efficient routing protocols to provide efficient packet routing from source to destination. In this paper, we focus on discussing various energy-efficient routing protocols that are currently available for UWSNs, categorize them with a new taxonomy, and provide a comparative discussion. Finally, we present various research problems that remain open and challenges for future research.INDEX TERMS Acoustic communication, energy efficiency, maritime environment, network lifetime, routing protocol, underwater wireless sensor network.SHREYA KHISA received the B.S. degree in computer science and engineering from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, in 2017. She is currently pursuing the M.S. degree with the Mobile Computing Laboratory, Chosun University, South Korea. Her current research interests include wireless sensor networks, underwater wireless sensor networks, the Internet of Things, and unmanned aerial vehicle networks with a focus on network architectures and protocols.

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“…The PDR has been strengthened, and inefficient performance and heavy energy consumption are its drawbacks. The authors take into account the depth of the existing node, as well as the depth of the next forwarding node in the paper, [19], to reduce the risk of empty holes and resource consumption. The issue of the void hole is not solved by switching packets over two hops, however.…”

Section: Localization-aware Routing Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Controlled Transmission: A Novel Power-Based Sparsity-Aware and Energy-Efficient Clustering for Underwater Sensor Networks in Marine Transport Safety

et al. 2021

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Energy-efficient management and highly reliable communication and transmission mechanisms are major issues in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) due to the limited battery power of UWSN nodes within an harsh underwater environment. In this paper, we integrate the three main techniques that have been used for managing Transmission Power-based Sparsity-conscious Energy-Efficient Clustering (CTP-SEEC) in UWSNs. These incorporate the adaptive power control mechanism that converts to a suitable Transmission Power Level (TPL), and deploys collaboration mobile sinks or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to gather information locally to achieve energy and data management efficiency (Security) in the WSN. The proposed protocol is rigorously evaluated through extensive simulations and is validated by comparing it with state-of-the-art UWSN protocols. The simulation results are based on the static environmental condition, which shows that the proposed protocol performs well in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery, and throughput.

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A Review of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols and Challenges

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey

Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey

Survey on Recent Advancements in Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Towards Controlled Transmission: A Novel Power-Based Sparsity-Aware and Energy-Efficient Clustering for Underwater Sensor Networks in Marine Transport Safety

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