A review on bio-based lubricants and their applications

Syahir, A. Z.; Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah Mohd; Masjuki, H.H.; Kalam, M.A.; Alabdulkarem, Abdullah; Gulzar, Mubashir; Khuong, L. S.; Harith, M. H.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.106

Cited by 305 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Considering that the most commonly used feedstock for developing biolubricants are vegetable oils, the present work can be considered the first successful attempt to valorize cashew nut agro‐industrial waste in the development of novel bio‐based lubricants. [ 11–13 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Almeida

Silva

Kotzebue

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Biolubricants are becoming interesting alternatives to mineral lubricants. Despite their advantages, development of lubricants from vegetable oils may compete with food production, turning their use impractical due to socio-economic aspects. Here, cardanol is used as raw material in the synthesis of novel biolubricants under environmentally friendly conditions. These compounds are characterized by NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal-oxidative studies show the elevated stability and higher onset oxidative temperatures. Tribological analyses performed under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion indicate lower coefficients of friction and wear rates compared to a synthetic oil. Therefore, cardanol, under simple, fast, and sustainable processes can be transformed into valuable alternatives for petroleum-based lubricants. Practical Applications: The novel cardanol-based biolubricants presented in this work show interesting chemical and lubricity properties superior to standard synthetic oils, which make them potential substitutes for the current oil-based products used as lubricants. Additionally, the ecofriendly methodologies employed reduce significantly the reaction time as well as eliminating the need for catalysts or solvents, making these processes viable alternatives for the traditional methods reported in literature for the synthesis of this class of compounds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Almeida

Silva

Kotzebue

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…Biolubricant, referring to lubricant derived from bio‐based materials such as vegetable oils, may have to undergo some modification to overcome limitation in its original form. However, some are found to be comparable or having even superior performance to the conventional mineral lubricants, on top of their renewability and biodegradability . In addition to bio‐based raw material, lubricants made from synthetic esters and petroleum oils that satisfy established biodegradability and toxicity criteria can also be regarded as biolubricant .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excellent Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid Esters as Biolubricant Produced by Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Esterification

Armylisas

Fauzi

Mohd

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Currently most technologies available to produce esters require acid or base catalysts for esterification or transesterification reactions. Production of dimerate esters (DE) exhibiting potential as a biolubricant for low temperature applications using catalyst‐ and solvent‐free approaches is presented in this article. Hydrogenated C36 dimer acid and alcohol are reacted under the following conditions: dimer acid/alcohol (1:4.5 molar ratio), 150–200 °C, 24 h, 3Å molecular sieve (15% w/w). The performances of four DE species—dibutyl, dihexyl, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl), and dioctyl dimerate—as lubricant base stocks are evaluated by kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, cloud and pour point (cold flow properties) as well as oxidative stability, and compared with commercial synthetic lubricant base stock and DE, Radialube 7121. High viscosity indexes ranging between 129 and 138 are observed for the synthesized DEs, which are comparable with two commercial base stock, polyalpha olefin (PAO), and polyolester (POE). Significantly low pour point, less than −42 °C, is observed for di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) dimerate attributed to the branching of the side chain. The DEs are categorized as ISO VG 68 based on their viscosity according to ISO 3448 classification and show potential as biolubricant with high viscosity index and excellent cold flow properties. Practical Applications: DFAE obtained have high potential to be used as lubricant base stock for equipment and machinery operating at extremely low temperature.

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“…Trimethylolpropane (TMP) fatty esters are considered as biolubricants (Panchal et al, 2017;Syahir et al, 2017;Zainal et al, 2018) with improved stability properties, in comparison with the analogous triglycerides (Sripada et al, 2013). TMP triesters have been prepared by esterification of TMP with free fatty acids or by transesterification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-lubricants production from fish oil residue by transesterification with trimethylolpropane

Angulo

Fraile

Gil³

et al. 2018

Journal of Cleaner Production

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The fatty acid ethyl esters mixture, a fish oil residue obtained after the extraction of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty esters, has been converted into mixtures of mono-, di-, and triesters of trimethylolpropane by transesterification at 100-140ºC under vacuum with sodium ethoxide as catalyst. This method has shown to be more efficient than the enzymatic transesterification using commercially available lipases. The crude reaction mixture (84% conversion of ethyl esters), enriched in trimethylolpropane triesters (96% selectivity) was characterized and its properties compared with those of the starting ethyl esters mixture and the trimethylolpropane esters obtained from vegetal sources.

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A review on bio-based lubricants and their applications

Cited by 305 publications

References 83 publications

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Development of Fully Bio‐Based Lubricants from Agro‐Industrial Residues under Environmentally Friendly Processes

Excellent Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid Esters as Biolubricant Produced by Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Esterification

Bio-lubricants production from fish oil residue by transesterification with trimethylolpropane

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