A Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks by Transesterification

Abstract

Since fossil fuel emissions will continue indefinitely, we must find a suitable and long-term alternative, owing to the fact that it is biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly, biodiesel an excellent substitute for diesel engines. EASAC classifies the evolution of biodiesel into four generations. Biodiesel feedstocks and their advantages and disadvantages for different generations of the fuel are thoroughly analysed in this article. An in-depth investigation is provided in this article, of the benefits and drawbacks of various feedstocks used in the manufacturing process of different generations of biodiesel. In terms of the production of biodiesel, transesterification is the best method because it produces high-yield biodiesel with comparable properties to diesel, making it an ideal choice. As far as economics are concerned, this process is also viable. It is possible to meet the energy requirements of the future by blending different oil feedstocks. The system used and the cost of feedstock have the most significant impact on the cost of biodiesel production. Characteristics of biodiesel such as the oxidation stability, cold flow and cetane number, viscosity, and density, are some of the most important characteristics of biodiesel. Biodiesel’s performance in diesel engines was also discussed in this paper, and it was suggested that biodiesel is safer for the environment than Petro-diesel. Unlike Petro-diesel, it degrades four times faster and has with a higher flash point, making storage and handling easier. It’s also nontoxic and causes less irritation to the skin than soap and water. The paper also looked at the production of biodiesel using feedstocks from the first through the fourth generation.

Using renewable alternative fuels and studying their impact on the performance and emissions of compression ignition engines

“…2 Governments that have strict rules and laws related to environmental emissions have made efforts to reduce toxic emissions, maintain a clean environment free of pollutants by finding and using renewable and efficient alternative energy. 3,4 There are many raw materials that can be converted into biofuels, an alternative to fossil diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an important alternative fuel for compression ignition engines because it is a renewable, sustainable, clean and environmentally friendly fuel, and it is used in most parts of the world.…”

“…Industrial and agricultural applications and diesel‐powered vehicles pollute the atmosphere through their exhaust gas emissions 2 . Governments that have strict rules and laws related to environmental emissions have made efforts to reduce toxic emissions, maintain a clean environment free of pollutants by finding and using renewable and efficient alternative energy 3,4 …”

Economic evaluation of biodiesel plant design in Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

“…Technically, cetane number in biodiesel exceeds the petroleum diesel [2]. There are several types of biodiesels based on its generation such as first-generation biodiesel which used edible oil as raw material, secondgeneration biodiesel which used non-edible oil, alga-based biodiesel as the third-generation biodiesel, and fourth-generation biodiesel which produced from photo biochemical processes [3].…”

“…In addition, biodiesel can also be produced using heterogeneous catalysts [5]. Biodiesel raw materials can be obtained from vegetable oil, algae, microbial oil, and animal fats [3]. Waste in the food industry such as used cooking oil can also be used as raw material for biodiesel [6,7].…”

RSM modelling and optimization for performance evaluation of biodiesel production process from livistona jenkinsiana using NaOH as a catalyst

“…It can be produced from a variety of renewable raw materials, including algae, waste cooking oil, non-edible and edible oils, and animal fat [4][5][6]. The transesterification reaction is a typical process for producing biodiesel in the presence or absence of a catalyst [7][8][9].…”