2020
DOI: 10.3390/s20185160
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A Review on Electrical Impedance Tomography Spectroscopy

Abstract: Electrical Impedance Tomography Spectroscopy (EITS) enables the reconstruction of material distributions inside an object based on the frequency-dependent characteristics of different substances. In this paper, we present a review of EITS focusing on physical principles of the technology, sensor geometries, existing measurement systems, reconstruction algorithms, and image representation methods. In addition, a novel imaging method is proposed which could fill some of the gaps found in the literature. As an ex… Show more

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Cited by 32 publications
(15 citation statements)
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References 79 publications
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“…Measurements to estimate the real HCP's transconductance were carried out for all 4 Opamps (ADA4622, AD8034, OPA2210, and AD8672) and load resistor values of 150 Ω, 660 Ω, and 1200 Ω. The transconductance was estimated by measuring the peak-to-peak voltage of each HCP's half-circuit output node, and by using (8), for frequencies starting from 1 kHz and ending at the point where the output signal's distortion becomes significant. To reduce possible mismatching effects, as well as to test whether the HCP output nodes have the same voltage amplitude and 180 • phase shift, the load R L was considered as follows.…”
Section: Implementation and Measurement Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Measurements to estimate the real HCP's transconductance were carried out for all 4 Opamps (ADA4622, AD8034, OPA2210, and AD8672) and load resistor values of 150 Ω, 660 Ω, and 1200 Ω. The transconductance was estimated by measuring the peak-to-peak voltage of each HCP's half-circuit output node, and by using (8), for frequencies starting from 1 kHz and ending at the point where the output signal's distortion becomes significant. To reduce possible mismatching effects, as well as to test whether the HCP output nodes have the same voltage amplitude and 180 • phase shift, the load R L was considered as follows.…”
Section: Implementation and Measurement Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such bio-markers include heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), pulse transit time (PPT), and blood glucose levels. These can be acquired either by simple bioimpedance measurement patterns, such as bipolar or tetrapolar measurement, or more complex measurement techniques, such as Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) or Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) [7,8]. The latter are also very useful for monitoring time or frequency dependent conditions, such as real-time ventilation, brain hemorrhage, or malignant tumors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…EIT sensors are arrays of planar electrodes placed on the patient's body surface. Analog or digital measurement systems could be used, the most recent developments using digital technologies, such as digital signal processors (DSP) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) [146]. Medical microwave imaging (MWI) has been studied as a technique for the detection of early-stage breast cancer [147].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The approach outlined in this paper is explained in sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2. A comprehensive review of existing inverse algorithms is summarized in Yang and Peng ( 2003 ); Lionheart ( 2004 ); Holder ( 2005 ); Neumayer et al ( 2011 ); Canali et al ( 2016 ); Fonseca et al ( 2016 ); Rymarczyk et al ( 2019 ); Gomes et al ( 2020 ); Jauhiainen et al ( 2020 ), and Padilha Leitzke and Zangl ( 2020 ).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%