“…In addition, 3D printing advances to a new level known as 4-dimensional printing (4DP) by creating "smart" materials. 4DP technology produces universal products with transformable shapes and material characteristics, recently gaining attention in the biomedical field [ 191 – 193 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Current Trend Of Polymer In Fdmed-plamentioning
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the additive manufacturing (AM) techniques that have emerged as the most feasible and prevalent approach for generating functional parts due to its ability to produce neat and intricate parts. FDM mainly utilises one of the widely used polymers, polylactic acid, also known as polylactide (PLA). It is an aliphatic polyester material and biocompatible thermoplastic, with the best design prospects due to its eco-friendly properties; when PLA degrades, it breaks down into water and carbon dioxide, neither of which are hazardous to the environment. However, PLA has its limitations of poor mechanical properties. Therefore, a filler reinforcement may enhance the characteristics of PLA and produce higher-quality FDM-printed parts. The processing parameters also play a significant role in the final result of the printed parts. This review aims to study and discover the properties of PLA and the optimum processing parameters. This review covers PLA in FDM, encompassing its mechanical properties, processing parameters, characterisation, and applications. A comprehensive description of FDM processing parameters is outlined as it plays a vital role in determining the quality of a printed product. In addition, PLA polymer is highly desirable for various field industrial applications such as in a medical, automobile, and electronic, given its excellent thermoplastic and biodegradability properties.
“…In addition, 3D printing advances to a new level known as 4-dimensional printing (4DP) by creating "smart" materials. 4DP technology produces universal products with transformable shapes and material characteristics, recently gaining attention in the biomedical field [ 191 – 193 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Current Trend Of Polymer In Fdmed-plamentioning
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the additive manufacturing (AM) techniques that have emerged as the most feasible and prevalent approach for generating functional parts due to its ability to produce neat and intricate parts. FDM mainly utilises one of the widely used polymers, polylactic acid, also known as polylactide (PLA). It is an aliphatic polyester material and biocompatible thermoplastic, with the best design prospects due to its eco-friendly properties; when PLA degrades, it breaks down into water and carbon dioxide, neither of which are hazardous to the environment. However, PLA has its limitations of poor mechanical properties. Therefore, a filler reinforcement may enhance the characteristics of PLA and produce higher-quality FDM-printed parts. The processing parameters also play a significant role in the final result of the printed parts. This review aims to study and discover the properties of PLA and the optimum processing parameters. This review covers PLA in FDM, encompassing its mechanical properties, processing parameters, characterisation, and applications. A comprehensive description of FDM processing parameters is outlined as it plays a vital role in determining the quality of a printed product. In addition, PLA polymer is highly desirable for various field industrial applications such as in a medical, automobile, and electronic, given its excellent thermoplastic and biodegradability properties.
“…Various bio-printing techniques are being investigated in recent years to reproduce these vessels using vascular tissue engineering. However, simultaneous satisfaction of biocompatibility standards, taking into account the requirements of mechanical properties to withstand the blood pressure and compliance similar to the native vessel and acceptable suture retention are some important aspects to take into account (Arif, Khalid, Ahmed, & Arshad, 2022). Thus, there is a stringent requirement on the physical, biological, chemical and, mechanical design for the processability of these vessels.…”
Section: Technological Challenges Of 3d Bioprintingmentioning
With the advent of recent advancements in biotechnology and digital manufacturing, organ manufacturing and transplantation has become a reality nowadays. This paper describes a detailed overview of the success and challenges of the bioprinting and organ technologies, its realization in today’s age and ethical concerns that complicates its prevalence and popularity in the society. The advances are promising and the research areas are numerous because the benefits are enormous for the patients. The technology has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare market and particularly the pharmaceutical sector by solving some key issues after going through a long and expensive process of research and development of such new treatments.
“…[7][8][9] The additional dimension helps in changing the properties including functionality or shape of the 3D-printed (3DPed) products, over time in a controlled manner. [10][11][12][13][14] Computer-aided design models are applied to layer-by-layer deposit different smart materials (SMs) including polymers, metals, composites, and ceramics for developing extremely precise and intricate geometries. [15][16][17] This technology is becoming more popular with time due to gelatin, and hyaluronic acid are widely applied by researchers for fabricating 4DPed bioproducts.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[15][16][17] This technology is becoming more popular with time due to gelatin, and hyaluronic acid are widely applied by researchers for fabricating 4DPed bioproducts. [60][61][62] The mechanical characteristics and rigidity of natural polymer-based printed structures can be improved, through secondary polymeric materials. [56,63,64] Similarly, the incorporation of a variety of nanoparticles (NPs) including Fe 3 O 4 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) permits SMPs and hydrogels to develop excellent electrical, physical, and mechanical properties.…”
Shape-memory materials (SMMs) combined with 3D printing to develop dynamic and adaptive products which are responsive to physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These structures are categorized into 4D-printed (4DPed) products which change their shape and properties over time dimension. 4D printing, a novel, multidisciplinary, and futuristic technology is expanding its utilization in different applications including healthcare, space, textile, soft robotics, defence, sports, aerospace, and automotive sectors. This review article focuses on the recent and insightful developments in the 4DP technology of SMMs especially shape-memory polymers. This review also integrates printing technologies, the programming of materials for specific actuating mechanisms, and the most recent applications of 4DPed structures/products. Future perspectives and countless opportunities of this 4DP technology are outlined to address the current challenges which will help evolve and promote this novel technology as the mainstream manufacturing approach for developing real-world products in a myriad of engineering sectors. 4DP technology progresses beyond imagination, since its inception and will promote technological and manufacturing renaissance in the material science field. This technology will profoundly impact manufacturing and daily human life in the future.
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