A Review on Injury Mechanism of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Vehicle Accidents

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The aim of the present paper was to study the influence of neck muscle activation on head and neck injuries of vehicle occupants in frontal impacts. A mixed dummy-human finite element model was developed to simulate a frontal impact. The head-neck part of a Hybrid III dummy model was replaced by a well-validated head-neck FE model with passive and active muscle characteristics. The mixed dummy-human FE model was validated by 15 G frontal volunteer tests conducted in the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory. The effects of neck muscle activation on the head dynamic responses and neck injuries of occupants in three frontal impact intensities, low speed (10 km/h), medium speed (30 km/h), and high speed (50 km/h), were studied. The results showed that the mixed dummy-human FE model has good biofidelity. The activation of neck muscles can not only lower the head resultant acceleration under different impact intensities and the head angular acceleration in medium- and high-speed impacts, thereby reducing the risks of head injury, but also protect the neck from injury in low-speed impacts.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Neck Muscle Activation on Head and Neck Injuries of Occupants in Frontal Impacts

et al. 2018

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“…Avoiding hard contact is critical for the occupant protection in the rollover crashes, which was pointed out in the research of [ 11 ] as well. Introducing CAB can help reduce the head acceleration and, therefore, decrease the head injury possibilities as in the research of [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Curtain Airbag on Occupant Kinematics and Injury Index in Rollover Crash

Liu

Jiang

Cui

et al. 2018

Background Occupant injuries in rollover crashes are associated with vehicle structural performance, as well as the restraint system design. For a better understanding of the occupant kinematics and injury index in certain rollover crash, it is essential to carry out dynamic vehicle rollover simulation with dummy included. Objective This study focused on effects of curtain airbag (CAB) parameters on occupant kinematics and injury indexes in a rollover crash. Besides, optimized parameters of the CAB were proposed for the purpose of decreasing the occupant injuries in such rollover scenario. Method and Material The vehicle motion from the physical test was introduced as the input for the numerical simulation, and the 50% Hybrid III dummy model from the MADYMO database was imported into a simulation model. The restraint system, including a validated CAB module, was introduced for occupant kinematics simulation and injury evaluation. TTF setting, maximum inflator pressure, and protection area of the CAB were analysed. Results After introducing the curtain airbag, the maximum head acceleration was reduced from 91.60 g to 49.52 g, and the neck Mx and neck Fz were reduced significantly. Among these CAB parameters, the TTF setting had the largest effect on the head acceleration which could reduce 8.6 g furthermore after optimization. The neck Fz was decreased from 3766.48 N to 2571.77 N after optimization of CAB protection area. Conclusions Avoiding hard contact is critical for the occupant protection in the rollover crashes. The simulation results indicated that occupant kinematics and certain injury indexes were improved with the help of CAB in such rollover scenario. Appropriate TTF setting and inflator selection could benefit occupant kinematics and injury indexes. Besides, it was advised to optimize the curtain airbag thickness around the head contact area to improve head and neck injury indexes.

“…Although it has been traditionally reported that rear impacts account for most cases of whiplash injury [ 28 , 29 ], a large epidemiologic study has suggested that rear and frontal collisions account for whiplash injury in roughly equal proportions [ 15 ]. Therefore, frontal and rear-end collisions were both involved in the present study, and according to a previous study [ 2 ], the response of the cervical spine was investigated at increasing impact severities in both frontal (8 g, 15 g, and 22 g) and rear (4 g, 7 g, and 10 g) impact conditions using the FE model with and without neck muscle activation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Effect of Neck Muscle Active Force on Whiplash Injury of the Cervical Spine

Yan

Huang

et al. 2018

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The objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of neck muscle activation on whiplash neck injury of the occupants of a passenger vehicle under different severities of frontal and rear-end impact collisions. The finite element (FE) model has been used as a versatile tool to simulate and understand the whiplash injury mechanism for occupant injury prevention. However, whiplash injuries and injury mechanisms have rarely been investigated in connection with neck active muscle forces, which restricts the complete reappearance and understanding of the injury mechanism. In this manuscript, a mixed FE human model in a sitting posture with an active head-neck was developed. The response of the cervical spine under frontal and rear-end collision conditions was then studied using the FE model with and without neck muscle activation. The effect of the neck muscle activation on the whiplash injury was studied based on the results of the FE simulations. The results indicated that the neck active force influenced the head-neck dynamic response and whiplash injury during a collision, especially in a low-speed collision.