A review on modeling, inversion and interpretation of self-potential in mineral exploration and tracing paleo-shear zones

Combined Gravity or Self-Potential Anomaly Formula for Mineral Exploration

“…The gravity method based on measuring the variations in the Earth's gravitational field resulting from the density differences between the subsurface rocks while the self-potential method depended on the electrical potential that develops on the earth's surface due to flow of the natural electrical current on the subsurface [6,7]. The interpretation of gravity and self-potential data falls on the main two categories as follows: the first category depends on threedimensional and two-dimensional data elucidation [8][9][10][11][12][13], the second category is depending using the simple geometric-shaped model such as spheres, cylinders, and sheets which are playing a vital role in interpreting the subsurface structures to reach the priors information that help in more investigations [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In addition, methods depend on the global optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithm [21][22][23][24], particle swarm [25,26], simulated annealing [27][28][29][30][31][32], flower pollination [33], memory-based hybrid dragonfly [34], differential evolution [35,36].…”

Inversion of Amplitude from the 2-D Analytic Signal of Self-Potential Anomalies

“…The self-potential (SP) technique has an important significance in mineral and ore explorations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The method has an extensive range of application, viz., mining industries [9][10][11][12], sulfide, graphite exploration, and groundwater exploration [13,14], study of groundwater flow in pumping wells [15,16], geothermal exploration [17][18][19], fluid flow in the vadose zone [20,21], uranium mineralization [2][3][4], engineering and environmental applications [22][23][24], archeological investigations [25], cave detection [26], earthquake prediction [27], hydraulic fracturing [28], brine contamination [29], spring flow [30], delineation of buried paleochannels [31], volcanic eruptions [32,33], and paleoshear zones [34].…”

“…For instance, graphical methods [42,54], the nomograms [42], logarithmic curve matching [41,55], characteristic points, [43,45,56], least square method [38,57], Fourier analysis [58], 3-D topography effect [59,60], gradient and derivative study [61], moving average residual anomalies [62], modular neural networks [49], particle swarm optimization [63], depth from extreme point [64], differential evolution [65], Genetic-Price algorithm [66], spectral and tomographic approach [67], second horizontal gradient [68], and spectral methods [69] were too applied for the elucidation of SP data. A detailed review of the SP background, theoretical modeling, inversion, and its application in mineral exploration can be found after Biswas [1].…”

“…Also, in linear problems for SP data, the presence of less number of well-known numbers rather than the number of unidentified geological model parameters often shows an uncertainty, which creates the interpretation quite difficult [70]. Subsequently, the inversion problems of SP anomaly firmly need a few limitations, a priori information with a specific aim to improve interpretable and reasonable model parameters [1]. However, in almost every case, the measured SP anomaly was interpreted without considering the analytical signals or total gradient derived from SP measurements.…”

Investigation of gravity anomalies in parts of Niger Delta Region in Nigeria using aerogravity data

“…The aerogravity data are acquired with sufficient resolution which contributes towards resource-scale projects which can be used to characterize salt domes for petroleum exploration, geothermal energy investigations, monitoring of geothermal reservoirs under exploitation, inferring location of faults, and permeable areas for hydrothermal movement (Adedapo et al, 2014;Agunleti and Salua, 2015). There is generally an ambiguity in all geophysics data interpretation, this affects all geophysical data and the ambiguities that arise from different geologic configurations producing similar observed measurements (Biswas, 2015(Biswas, , 2016(Biswas, , 2017aMbah et al, 2017;Biswas et al, 2017;Singh and Biswas, 2016;Sharma, 2015, 2014a, b;Sharma and Biswas, 2013). According to Hospers (1965), the gravity field of Niger Delta showed negative values of low magnitude covering most parts of the Niger Delta and these low values are referred to as Niger Delta minimum.…”