A review on muscle activation behaviour during gait in shallow water and deep-water running and surface electromyography procedures

Silva, Mariana Felipe; Dias, João Marcos Domingues; Bela, Laís Faganello Dela; Pelegrinelli, Alexandre Roberto Marcondes; Lima, Tarcisio Brandão; Carvalho, Rodrigo Gustavo da Silva; Taglietti, Marcelo; Júnior, João Pedro Batista; Facci, Lígia Maria; McVeigh, JG; Cardoso, Jefferson Rosa

doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.005

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Water exercise is defined as an upright exercise in shallow or deep water with the aim of improving fitness and training statuses in a reduced impact environment. Water-based activities have gained popularity and are considered valuable alternatives to traditional physical activities either for people with low levels of physical fitness or who are affected by chronic diseases, but also for athletes [1][2][3]. The specific properties of water, in particular buoyancy, which reduces the effects of weight bearing on skeletal joints, and the great density of water, which provides workloads along all ranges of motion, could make this environment suitable for various types of participants [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the speed increases, the higher drag force leads to a rise in muscle activation needed to overcome the water resistance [23]. When walking on a treadmill with subjective speed control, the muscle activation of the lower limbs in the water is higher than on land [3]. When the underwater gait is performed on a treadmill and the speed is controlled, lower muscle activation can be observed compared to the gait on land, regardless of speed [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Energy Consumption of Water Running and Cycling at Four Exercise Intensities

Demarie

Chirico

Bratta

et al. 2022

Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Water exercise provides a workload in every direction of motion for training in a reduced impact environment. The selection of an appropriate physical activity and an individual exercise prescription are essential to obtain training effects. The aim of the present study was to determine individualised relative exercise intensities at four speeds of motion for water cycling and water running. Running was tested both in buoyancy and with the feet in contact with the bottom of the pool. To this purpose, gas exchanges, heart rate, and blood lactate were measured in each test session. Fourteen active, healthy females (23.2 ± 1.6 years) underwent a dry land maximal incremental protocol to exhaustion on a treadmill and hydrobike (HB); they engaged in water running with ground contact (RC) and water running suspended (RS) tests in a swimming pool at 30, 40, 50, and 60 cycles per minute (cpm), submerged at the individual xiphoid level. The four motion speeds of the three water exercise modalities ranged from 50% to 95% of the maximal heart rate and the maximal oxygen uptake, representing a moderate-to-vigorous training stimulus. RS elicited the lowest oxygen consumption, whereas HB demanded the significantly highest oxygen consumption and presented the highest blood lactate accumulation, with vigorous intensity being reached at 50 cpm and near maximal intensity at 60 cpm. It appears that water cycling could be more suitable for athletic training, whereas water running could be more appropriate for health and fitness purposes.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Consumption of Water Running and Cycling at Four Exercise Intensities

Demarie

Chirico

Bratta

et al. 2022

Sports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It simulates land running movement patterns performed but is conducted in a non-weight-bearing aquatic environment. With the advantage of the unloading property of buoyancy, DWR eliminates vertical ground reaction forces, and hence reduces joint loadings and the potential risk for injury to the musculoskeletal system [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At a given speed, when the surface area of the limb is increased, an additional overload can be achieved [ 6 ]. Therefore, a combination of changes in water temperature and drag force can promote DWR program progression [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There may not be consensus on whether the DWR style should be attempting to replicate similar lower limb kinematics, or whether larger ranges of movement lead to greater resistance and higher intensity. A recent review suggested that muscle activity during DWR demonstrated a higher activation of distal leg muscles than proximal thigh muscles, in comparison with land treadmill running [ 3 ], although it is not clear what physical functional outcomes this may influence. Hence, there is increasing interest in examining the differences in physical functional outcomes with validated measurement tools for DWR and land running.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effectiveness of Deep Water Running on Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Function and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review

Kwok

Heywood

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Deep Water Running (DWR) is a form of aquatic aerobic exercise simulating the running patterns adopted on dry land. Little is known on the effectiveness of DWR despite gaining popularity. The objective of this study is to systematically review the effects of DWR on cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and quality of life in healthy and clinical populations. A systematic search was completed using six databases, including SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, Embase, and The Cochrane Library, up to February 2022. Eleven studies evaluating the effectiveness of DWR on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical function, or quality of life (QoL), compared with no interventions (or standard treatment) or land-based trainings were identified. Data relevant to the review questions were extracted by two independent reviewers when means and standard deviations were reported, and standardized mean differences were calculated. A quality assessment was conducted using selected items from the Downs and Black checklist. A total of 11 clinical trials (7 randomized controlled trials) with a total of 287 participants were included. Meta-analyses were not completed due to the high level of clinical and statistical heterogeneity between studies. Compared with land-based training, DWR showed similar effects on CRF with limited studies reporting outcomes of physical function and QoL compared with the no-exercise control group. DWR appears to be comparable to land-based training for improving CRF. The aquatic environment may provide some advantages for off-loaded exercise at high intensity in populations that are weak, injured or in pain, but more studies are required.

show abstract