A review on processing techniques of bast fibers nanocellulose and its polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites

Abstract

The utilization of nanocellulose has increasingly gained attentions from various research fields, especially the field of polymer nanocomposites owing to the growing environmental hazardous of petroleum based fiber products. Meanwhile, the searching of alternative cellulose sources from different plants has become the interests for producing nanocellulose with varying characterizations that expectedly suit in specific field of applications. In this content the long and strong bast fibers from plant species was gradually getting its remarkable position in the field of nanocellulose extraction and nanocomposites fabrications. This review article intended to present an overview of the chemical structure of cellulose, different types of nanocellulose, bast fibers compositions, structure, polylactic acid (PLA) and the most probable processing techniques on the developments of nanocellulose from different bast fibers especially jute, kenaf, hemp, flax, ramie and roselle and its nanocomposites. This article however more focused on the fabrication of PLA based nanocomposites due to its high firmness, biodegradability and sustainability properties in developed products towards the environment. Along with this it also explored a couple of issues to improve the processing techniques of bast fibers nanocellulose and its reinforcement in the PLA biopolymer as final products.

Explorative Study on the Use of Curauá Reinforced Polypropylene Composites for the Automotive Industry

“…Actually, these fibers are being used in the textile and automotive industries [6,17]. Furthermore, curauà fiber is odorless, enabling its use for car interior parts [6].The use of natural fibers as reinforcement in composites has been extensively reported in the literature [8][9][10][18][19][20][21][22]. Nonetheless, the use of lignocellulosic reinforcements limits the range of polymers to be used as a matrix, mainly because cellulose starts to degrade fast when exposed to temperatures beyond 200 • C [23].The mechanical properties of a fibers-reinforced composite are mainly affected by the nature of its phases and its percentages, its compatibility, as the ability to create strong interphases between the reinforcement and the matrix, the morphology of the reinforcements and its dispersion and its main orientation against the loads.…”

“…The use of natural fibers as reinforcement in composites has been extensively reported in the literature [8][9][10][18][19][20][21][22]. Nonetheless, the use of lignocellulosic reinforcements limits the range of polymers to be used as a matrix, mainly because cellulose starts to degrade fast when exposed to temperatures beyond 200 • C [23].…”

Cross‐Linked Nanocellulosic Materials and Their Applications

“…The high hygroscopicity of NCs can be a major issue in humid or wet environments. Within an elementary cellulose unit, the hydroxy groups from glucopyranosyl units form hydrogen bonds with oxygen of adjacent units . The strength of the junctions between NC chains is the key to transfer mechanical loads among chains to achieve mechanically strong materials .…”

“…Within an elementary cellulose unit, the hydroxy groups from glucopyranosyl units form hydrogen bonds with oxygen of adjacent units. [11] The strength of the junctions between NC chains is the key to transfer mechanical loads among chainst oa chieve mechanically strong materials. [12] The strong interactions between CNC particles are dominated by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces.…”

One-pot route to graft long-chain polymer onto silica nanoparticles and its application for high-performance poly(l-lactide) nanocomposites

“…[13][14][15][16] As a representative, poly(L-lactide) (PLA) possesses many advantages in terms of biodegradability, mechanical strength, transparency and compostability, so it has tremendous market in biomedical, packaging and agriculture elds. [17][18][19] To further extend its applications, PLA based nanocomposites have been exploited by incorporating various types of nanollers. [20][21][22][23] Meanwhile, the modication of these nanoparticles was necessary to improve the dispersion and interface in PLA matrix.…”