A review on sample preparation and chromatographic determination of acephate and methamidophos in different samples

Abstract

Acephate and its metabolite methamidophos are common organophosphorus insecticide used for crop protection. High uses of acephate and methamidophos have induced health issues and environmental pollution. Their undesired presence in the environment is creating ecotoxicology and may harm human health. It is therefore essential to detect the presence of acephate and methamidophos even in trace level. In this review, we have tried to accommodate successful methods of detection of acephate and methamidophos in the different biological media. Their recovery and residue analysis in different media such as vegetables, human and animal tissues have also included. The most common method for their determination is based on chromatographic separation and identification. Among different chromatographic methods, LC and GC coupled with different detectors have used. But, they both need extensive pretreatment and cleanup procedure, before undergoing chromatographic separation and identification. LC coupled with mass spectrometry (LCMS) is sometime able to detect acephate and methamidophos in ppm level. ª 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Potential of Plant Growth Promoting Traits by Bacteria Isolated from Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils

“…Heavy metals contamination is the result of technological development, occurring at significant concentrations in the environment (Barakat 2011;Kishe and Machiwa 2003). Because of the environmental persistence, toxicity and ability to be incorporated into food chains, these industrial wastes including heavy metal are new threat and challenge (Forstner and Wittman 1983;Kumar et al 2015a;Machiwa 1992). Same time, the pollution sources of heavy metals in environment are mainly derived from anthropogenic sources include mining, smelting, waste disposal, urban effluent, vehicle exhausts, sewage sludge, pesticides, fertilizers application (Kim et al 1998;Kumar et al 2013aKumar et al , b, 2015bPrasad et al 2013;Wei and Yang 2010).…”

Spectral, structural and energetic study of acephate, glyphosate, monocrotophos and phorate: an experimental and computational approach

“…Recent studies have revealed that hydrolysis of molecules 1-3 is very slow in water, and half life increases up to tenfold [28][29][30][31]. The slow decomposition was attributed to the formation of the six-membered ring through H association (Figure 1).…”

“…Moreover, the acid dissociation constant (pKa values) has a direct relationship with pH values, so pKa values can play a significant role in decomposition (thermally, chemically and biochemically), persistence and reactivity of molecules [28][29][30][31][32][33]. The pKa values depend upon the number of dissociated hydrogen ions, and it is directly proportional to the stability of the molecule (ΔG = 2.303 RT pKa).…”

“…depends upon the electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks too. The most suspected bonds for the chemical decomposition of titled molecules are P-N bond in acephate, C-N bond glyphosate, P-O bond in monocrotophos and P-S bond in phorate [28][29][30][31]. During the bio-decomposition, the most suspected bonds are C-N bond in acephate and glyphosate, P-O bond in monocrotophos and P-S bond in phorate [41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

Pesticides Curbing Soil Fertility: Effect of Complexation of Free Metal Ions

“…Pesticides are integral part of modern agriculture (David, 1998; Chen et al, 2014), which increased tremendous chemical pressure on agricultural soil and in turn has affected entire ecosystem (Karpouzas et al, 2014; Kumar et al, 2015c; Kienzler et al, 2016; Rivera-Becerril et al, 2017). Environmental Protection Agencies (Gallegos Saliner et al, 2006; Balderacchi et al, 2014) are very cautious and place several checks before passing any chemical to act as a pesticide (Krupadam et al, 2003; Gallegos-Saliner et al, 2008).…”