A review on source-specific chemistry, functionality, and applications of chitin and chitosan

Joseph, Sherin M.; Srinivasan, K. K.; Paranthaman, R.; Moses, J.A.; Anandharamakrishnan, C.

doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100036

Cited by 138 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Chitosan: Chitosan is a well-known film-forming biodegradable polymer obtained from an exoskeleton source of marine invertebrates (crustacean shells) that are abundant, cheap, and easily degradable polymers [69,70]. In addition, chitosan is non-toxic and eco-friendly in nature [71], with high insolubility in water but soluble in acidic pH, and is also known as biocompatible. Chitosan-based edible coatings were already proven as an effective active packaging material for meat preservation during storage, especially as their preservative efficiency was further enhanced when fabricated with other natural antimicrobials and antioxidants, such as cinnamon oil, gallic acid, and polylysine [72][73][74][75][76].…”

Section: Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Coating Polymers in Meat Preservation

Gagaoua

Bhattacharya²,

Lamri

et al. 2021

Coatings

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Edible coatings, including green polymers are used frequently in the food industry to improve and preserve the quality of foods. Green polymers are defined as biodegradable polymers from biomass resources or synthetic routes and microbial origin that are formed by mono- or multilayer structures. They are used to improve the technological properties without compromising the food quality, even with the purpose of inhibiting lipid oxidation or reducing metmyoglobin formation in fresh meat, thereby contributing to the final sensory attributes of the food and meat products. Green polymers can also serve as nutrient-delivery carriers in meat and meat products. This review focuses on various types of bio-based biodegradable polymers and their preparation techniques and applications in meat preservation as a part of active and smart packaging. It also outlines the impact of biodegradable polymer films or coatings reinforced with fillers, either natural or synthesized, via the green route in enhancing the physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties for extending shelf-life. The interaction of the package with meat contact surfaces and the advanced polymer composite sensors for meat toxicity detection are further considered and discussed. In addition, this review addresses the research gaps and challenges of the current packaging systems, including coatings where green polymers are used. Coatings from renewable resources are seen as an emerging technology that is worthy of further investigation toward sustainable packaging of food and meat products.

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Section: Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Coating Polymers in Meat Preservation

Gagaoua

Bhattacharya²,

Lamri

et al. 2021

Coatings

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“…Chitin is a natural polysaccharide that exists as the second most common polymer after cellulose [1]. It occurs as a structural component in most crustacean shells, the pupal exuviae of some insects, and in the cell membranes of fungi [2]. Currently, chitin and chitosan have garnered attention for extensive applications in wastewater treatment, the pharmaceutical industry, food manufacturing, and agriculture [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Pupal Shell Waste

et al. 2021

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Globally, the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chitin and chitosan has been widely documented. However, very little research attention has focused on chitin and chitosan extracted from black soldier fly pupal exuviae, which are abundantly present as byproducts from insect-farming enterprises. This study presents the first comparative analysis of chemical and biological extraction of chitin and chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae. The antibacterial activity of chitosan was also evaluated. For chemical extraction, demineralization and deproteinization were carried out using 1 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C for 2 h and 1 M NaOH for 4 h at 100 °C, respectively. Biological chitin extraction was carried out by protease-producing bacteria and lactic-acid-producing bacteria for protein and mineral removal, respectively. The extracted chitin was converted to chitosan via deacetylation using 40% NaOH for 8 h at 100 °C. Chitin characterization was done using FTIR spectroscopy, while the antimicrobial properties were determined using the disc diffusion method. Chemical and biological extraction gave a chitin yield of 10.18% and 11.85%, respectively. A maximum chitosan yield of 6.58% was achieved via chemical treatment. From the FTIR results, biological and chemical chitin showed characteristic chitin peaks at 1650 and 1550 cm−1—wavenumbers corresponding to amide I stretching and amide II bending, respectively. There was significant growth inhibition for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans when subjected to 2.5 and 5% concentrations of chitosan. Our findings demonstrate that chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae could be a promising and novel therapeutic agent for drug development against resistant strains of bacteria.

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“…Chitosan is a partially deacetylated linear polysaccharide of chitin [41]. Its natural origin and convenient biochemical properties (e.g., good tolerability, non-toxicity, good biocompatibility, proper biodegradation rate, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity) make this cationic polymer recommended for various biomedical applications [24,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Biofilm Coatings Based on Chitosan and Lysozyme Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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Biofilms represent a common and increasingly challenging problem in healthcare practices worldwide, producing persistent and difficult to manage infections. Researchers have started developing antibiotic-free treatment alternatives in order to decrease the risk of resistant microbial strain selection and for the efficient management of antibiotic tolerant biofilm infections. The present study reports the fabrication and characterization of magnetite-based nanostructured coatings for producing biofilm-resistant surfaces. Specifically, magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were functionalized with chitosan (CS) and were blended with lysozyme (LyZ) and were deposited using the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique. A variety of characterization techniques were employed to investigate the physicochemical properties of both nanoparticles and nanocoatings. The biological characterization of the coatings assessed through cell viability and antimicrobial tests showed biocompatibility on osteoblasts as well as antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains and no cytotoxic effect against human-cultured diploid cells.

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A review on source-specific chemistry, functionality, and applications of chitin and chitosan

Cited by 138 publications

References 112 publications

Green Coating Polymers in Meat Preservation

Green Coating Polymers in Meat Preservation

Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Pupal Shell Waste

Anti-Biofilm Coatings Based on Chitosan and Lysozyme Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles

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