A review on sunshine recorders: Evolution of operation principle and construction

Wang, Yuchang; Zhang, Guoyu; Sun, Gaofei; Shi, Liyi; Xu, Da; Yang, Songzhou; Wu, Linghao

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110138

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Both of these instruments were 10 m away from one another. The technical parameters of both instruments are described in detail in the relevant literature e.g., [5,6,20,22,23,31,32,41]. The Campbell-Stokes recorder, in accordance with WMO requirements, consisted of a 10 cm diameter sphere made of transparent glass with a metal levelling frame placed behind the sphere, card holder, and recording card of a good quality paper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the effects of solar radiation, sunshine duration data is one of the main indicators for characterizing the climate of a given location [4][5][6], which is useful in various sectors, such as including health resorts [7,8], tourism [9][10][11], public health [12][13][14], and agriculture [15][16][17]. It also provides information in terms of past and present climate variability and change [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Daily sunshine duration is read from the total burn length for a given card [4,5]. Meanwhile, another sunshine recorder, named the Jordan sunshine recorder, was introduced [6,24]. The rays of sunlight pass directly through two small apertures in the cylinder and are received onto the sensitized surface of a photographic paper placed inside.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later, sensors were also installed at climatological stations and stations which were not a part of the Hydrological and Meteorological Measurement and Observation Network (e.g., university stations). Additionally, various types of sensors manufactured by different producers, e.g., Kipp & Zonen CHP1 Pyrheliometer [24,28], CMP11 Pyranometer [24,29], CSD1 Sunshine Duration Meter [30], CSD3 Sunshine Duration Sensor [31,32]; and Delta-T Devices SPN1 Sunshine Pyranometer [33], Huayun Sounding Meterorological Technology DFC2 [6,24], Vaisala DSU12 [6,34], Haenni Solar 111 [20,35] are used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manual and Automatic Measurements of Sunshine Duration in Cassubian Lakeland (Northern Poland)

Owczarek

Malinowska

2023

Atmosphere

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The aim of this research is to compare daily sunshine duration data measured using a Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder (CS) and a CSD3 sunshine duration sensor. This was undertaken because in recent decades automatic sunshine duration sensors have been systematically replacing traditional sunshine recorder. This replacement created a problem with the data quality, and the continuity of homogeneous series. The study material consisted of the daily sunshine duration sums derived from synchronous manual and automated measurements at the Borucino station (northern Poland) for the years 2015–2021. Comparison covered the daily and monthly sums and their statistical distributions. In most cases, the daily sum recorded by the sensor CSD3 was higher than that measured by the CS. On average, higher values of sums were obtained from CSD3 for all months of the year, with the exception of June. This can be explained by the higher sensitivity threshold of the CS, as well as by the difference in height of both instruments above the station’s level. Higher daily totals recorded by the CS than by the CSD3 occurred not only in June. The cause was most likely the so-called “overburning effect”. Monthly regression equations were determined, allowing for substitution of the CS measurement results with the values recorded automatically.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manual and Automatic Measurements of Sunshine Duration in Cassubian Lakeland (Northern Poland)

Owczarek

Malinowska

2023

Atmosphere

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“…The available devices to measure sunshine duration can be classified into two types, i.e., 'manual' or 'automatic'. A review of the sunshine recorders, their evolution and operation principles have been carried out by Wang et al [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Sunshine Duration Measurements between the Campbell–Stokes Sunshine Recorder and Three Automatic Sensors at Three Locations in Cyprus

Pashiardis,

Pelengaris,

Kalogirou

2023

Applied Sciences

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This paper compares the daily sunshine duration (SD) measured by the Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder (CS) with three automatic instruments (Kipp & Zonen pyranometers (CM6 B), pyrheliometer (CHP1) and CSD3 sunshine recorders). The comparisons are essential, since recently, automatic sunshine duration sensors have been replacing the manual measurements, affecting, therefore, the continuity of the CS time series. The comparisons were applied to the daily SD data of three synoptic stations (Larnaca A/P, Pafos A/P and Athalassa) where parallel measurements of manual and automatic instruments are carried out during the periods 2009–2012 and 2012–2015. The CSD3 measurements were obtained from two automatic weather stations (AWSs) which are close to the synoptic station of Larnaca A/P. The comparisons referred to the daily and monthly sums of sunshine duration, as well as to their statistical distributions and their relationships. The daily differences in the pairs of sunshine recorders installed at the same location are mostly within the range of −1.0 to +1.0 h. At Larnaca, in the period 2009–2012, the pyranometric method’s (Gl) values were higher than the CS in the summer months. Pafos and Athalassa showed higher values of CS compared to Gl and the pyrheliometric method (Pr), respectively, almost throughout the year. Generally, the annual average daily differences between the different pairs range between 0.3 and 0.5 h. Regression equations were determined allowing the estimation of daily SD under different sky conditions. The coefficient of determination (R2) reached the values of 0.91 and 0.96 under ‘all sky’ conditions, and between 0.80 and 0.91 under ‘clear’ sky conditions at the three locations.

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Optical design of a solar simulator for meteorological fields to improve irradiance uniformity and expand the range of irradiation regulation

et al. 2022

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Aiming at the problems of low irradiation uniformity and a narrow irradiance regulation range in the existing solar simulators, an optical design method for meteorological solar simulators with high irradiation uniformity and wide-range irradiance is proposed. Using a xenon lamp and a variable coefficient non-coaxial ellipsoid reflector as the concentrator system, we analyze the causes of stray light in the optical integrator. The optimal design method of the integrator based on the anti-crosstalk diaphragm and the light propagation matrix model, which effectively suppress the stray light, is proposed. The irradiance regulation system is designed to continuously regulate the irradiance in a wide range. The optimal design method of the collimated system is given. The rationality of the system design is verified by the simulation of LightTools software. The results show that within the effective irradiation surface of 100 m m × 100 m m , the irradiance is continuously adjustable in the range of 100 − 1400 W / m 2 , and the irradiation uniformity is better than 99.10% under different irradiances. This research breaks through the limitations of low irradiation uniformity and a narrow irradiance adjustment range of traditional meteorological solar simulators and can provide accurate and reliable solar irradiance for the verification and calibration of pyranometers.

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A review on sunshine recorders: Evolution of operation principle and construction

Cited by 4 publications

References 50 publications

Manual and Automatic Measurements of Sunshine Duration in Cassubian Lakeland (Northern Poland)

Manual and Automatic Measurements of Sunshine Duration in Cassubian Lakeland (Northern Poland)

Comparison of Sunshine Duration Measurements between the Campbell–Stokes Sunshine Recorder and Three Automatic Sensors at Three Locations in Cyprus

Optical design of a solar simulator for meteorological fields to improve irradiance uniformity and expand the range of irradiation regulation

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