A review on synthesis of Fe-based compounds and their properties as the burning rate catalysts for propellants

Liu, Jinyi; Yu, Haojie; Wang, Li; Vatsadze, Sergey Z.; Huang, Zhongwei; Amin, Bilal Ul

doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122514

Cited by 10 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…8 The first exothermic process corresponds to the low-temperature decomposition (LTD) (292 °C), which is accepted by several authors to be associated with an electron transfer between ammonium and perchlorate ions, and the second exothermic peak is related to the high-temperature decomposition (HTD) step at 415 °C. 9 The compounds 1, 2, 1-IL, and 2-IL as BR catalysts have a slight impact on the crystallographic transition temperature of AP during the endothermic phase transition process at 249 °C, as observed in previous work. 9,21,37 All DSC curves showed similar AP decomposition profiles at different catalyst mass concentrations between the neutral compound and its ionic analogue, implying akin degradation mechanisms for the AP + ferrocene-based 1,2,3-triazolyl compound mixtures (Figures 10 and S19−S21).…”

Section: Studies Of Catalytic Effect On the Thermal Decomposition Of ...supporting

confidence: 68%

“…9 The compounds 1, 2, 1-IL, and 2-IL as BR catalysts have a slight impact on the crystallographic transition temperature of AP during the endothermic phase transition process at 249 °C, as observed in previous work. 9,21,37 All DSC curves showed similar AP decomposition profiles at different catalyst mass concentrations between the neutral compound and its ionic analogue, implying akin degradation mechanisms for the AP + ferrocene-based 1,2,3-triazolyl compound mixtures (Figures 10 and S19−S21). Multiple peaks within each DSC curve at 5%wt for complexes 1 and 1-IL suggest the potential existence of distinct decomposition mechanisms between the mixtures and the pure AP compared to complexes 2 and 2-IL.…”

Section: Studies Of Catalytic Effect On the Thermal Decomposition Of ...supporting

confidence: 68%

“…Several studies have focused on synthesizing combustion catalysts to improve CSPs’ burning rate and antimigration ability . These catalysts can be classified into four categories: transition metal oxides, , nanoparticles, − transition metal complexes, − and ferrocene (Fc)-based compounds. ,,− Transition metal oxides are inexpensive and simple to produce but have less worth in combustion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first method involves preparing superfine AP crystals to enhance combustion behavior. The second method involves studying and designing combustion catalysts currently applied to modern CSPs …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Valdebenito,

Gaete,

Osorio

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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We reported mono and bimetallic ferrocene-based 1,2,3-triazolyl compounds as potential burning rate catalysts in their neutral and ionic forms. All complexes reported here were characterized using 1 H and 13 C NMR, elemental analysis, and Mossbauer spectroscopy, which was performed for neutral and oxide compounds. The complexes present quasireversible redox potentials with higher oxidative ability than ferrocene and catocene under the same conditions. The complexes were tested as catalysts on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and examined by a differential scanning calorimetry technique to gain further knowledge about their catalytic behavior. Compound 1 causes a decrease of the high-temperature decomposition (HTD) of AP positively, decreasing the decomposition temperature of AP to 345 °C and consequently increasing the energy release to 1939 J•g −1 . We took the residues from the pans after testing from the DSC to elucidate the underlying reaction pathways. We obtained the size of the nanostructures formed after thermal decomposition of AP determined by the TEM technique. The diameter and size distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles formed depend on the alkyl sidechain of the triazolium ring, which induces the formation of nanoparticles with a double diameter and size distribution compared to their neutral analogues, suggesting that the possible intermediate for the mechanism degradation of AP by ferrocene derivatives is nanoscale Fe 2 O 3 or similar oxides.

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Section: Studies Of Catalytic Effect On the Thermal Decomposition Of ...supporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Studies Of Catalytic Effect On the Thermal Decomposition Of ...supporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Valdebenito,

Gaete,

Osorio

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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“…Meanwhile, the migration resistance of BRCs will also be improved because of their larger steric hindrance. [35,36] Hence, the anti-migration performance is strengthened, promoting the combustion properties of CSPs.…”

Section: Possible Anti-migration Mechanism Of Fc-terminated Dendrimersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Ferrocene‐Terminated Dendrimers for the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

Liu

Wang

et al. 2023

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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As a common oxidizer, ammonium perchlorate (AP) is an important component in composite solid propellants (CSPs). Ferrocene (Fc)‐based compounds are often selected as burning rate catalysts (BRCs) to catalyze AP decomposition owing to their excellent catalytic behavior. However, one of the drawbacks of Fc‐based BRCs is migration in CSPs. In this study, five Fc‐terminated dendrimers are designed and synthesized to improve the anti‐migration properties, and their chemical structures are confirmed systemically by the related spectra characterization techniques. Moreover, the redox performance, catalytic effect on AP decomposition, combustion performance, and mechanical properties in CSPs are also studied. The shapes of the prepared propellant samples are observed via scanning electron microscopy. The obtained Fc‐based BRCs have good redox performance, a positive effect on promoting AP decomposition, excellent combustion catalytic performance, and good mechanical properties. Meanwhile, they have a higher anti‐migration ability than catocene (Cat) and Fc. This study demonstrates that Fc‐terminated dendrimers have great potential to be applied as anti‐migration BRCs in CSPs.

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Ferrocene‐based pyrazole energetic compounds as burning rate catalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

Liu,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Applied Organom Chemis

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To enhance the combustion performance of composite solid propellants (CSPs), a series of ferrocene‐based pyrazole energetic compounds were prepared and characterized systemically by spectroscopic techniques in this study. Moreover, their catalytic performance and mechanism as burning rate catalysts (BRCs) were investigated, and the related kinetic parameters were obtained via Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods, respectively. Besides, their anti‐migration performance and mechanism were studied via simulating the aging experiments of propellant samples at different times. The results showed that these compounds exhibited excellent catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, which is a vital oxidizer in CSPs and determines its combustion performance. Among them, EMFc‐1 showed the best catalytic performance because of the higher content of active component. The pyrolysis temperature of ammonium perchlorate was reduced by 56.2 °C and the heat release was increased by 248.2 J g−1 with 5 wt% EMFc‐1 as catalyst. Moreover, their anti‐migration performance was improved greatly compared with the commercial catocene (Cat) and ferrocene. The work indicates that these compounds can be applied as BRCs to enhance the combustion performance of propellants.

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A review on synthesis of Fe-based compounds and their properties as the burning rate catalysts for propellants

Cited by 10 publications

References 117 publications

Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Evaluation of Mono and Bimetallic Ferrocene-Based 1,2,3-Triazolyl Compounds as Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Rocket Motor

Preparation of Ferrocene‐Terminated Dendrimers for the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

Ferrocene‐based pyrazole energetic compounds as burning rate catalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

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