A Review on Synthesis, Reaction and Biological Importance of Isatin Derivatives

Abstract

Isatin is a heterocyclic nitrogen compound that has attracted much interest in recent years due to its diverse biological and pharmacological activities. It can be used in many medical and biological applications, such as antidiabetic, antibiotic, and anticancer agents. The isatin molecule can also be prepared from different substrates by various methods, such as the methods of Sandmeyer, Stolle, Gassman, Meanwell and Hewawasam and others. On the other hand, the isatin molecule can undergo various chemical reactions, such as oxidation, Friedel-Crafts reaction, ring expansion, aldol condensation, and alkylation reactions. As a result of these reactions, several biologically useful biomolecules are formed, including 2-oxindoles, tryptanthrin, indirubins and others. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide an overview of the synthetic methods of the isatin molecule and its derivatives and to examine the various chemical reactions it undergoes. In addition, a list of some of the recently documented biological activities of isatin derivatives was compiled, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, and other properties.

2, 3-Dioxoindoline Derivatives: Synthesis, Reactions and Exploring Pharmacological Activities

“…In addition to its antibacterial properties, compound (2a) demonstrated strong antifungal properties on par with those of the widely used medication clotrimazole. [14] 2. Anti-cancer activity According to the 2015 WHO Global Health Survey Report, cancer claimed the lives of 8.8 million people worldwide.…”

Exploring novel derivatives of isatin-based Schiff bases as multi-target agents: design, synthesis,in vitrobiological evaluation, andin silicoADMET analysis with molecular modeling simulations

“…[17][18][19][20][21][22] In recent decades, the isatin (2,3-dioxindole) (I) molecule has attracted the concern of scientists for its potent biological and therapeutic applications. [23][24][25] Also, isatin derivatives have numerous distinct biological activities. Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazono-2-oxoindolin-1-yl acetate II is biologically active as a powerful in vitro inhibitor for an a-amylase enzyme (antidiabetic agent).…”

Single Step Upgradation of Isatin to Bioactive Fused Heterocycles via Ring Expansion Reactions

“…Isatin can be synthesised from an array of reactions, which include Sandmeyer's process, Martinet synthesis, Stolle procedure, Gassman process, etc. [10,11] Moreover, isatin serves as an important starting material in multicompo-nent reactions (MCRs) such as the Ugi reaction, [12] Passerini reaction, [13] and isocyanide-based reactions and as a catalyst in various metal-free reactions. Due to the ease of performance, structural diversity, atom economy, and easy work-up procedures, domino reactions, also known as one-pot procedures, mark their potency in synthesising small heterocyclic molecules.…”

“…It is also found in the adrenaline of the human brain as some metabolic derivatives. Isatin can be synthesised from an array of reactions, which include Sandmeyer's process, Martinet synthesis, Stolle procedure, Gassman process, etc [10,11] . Moreover, isatin serves as an important starting material in multicomponent reactions (MCRs) such as the Ugi reaction, [12] Passerini reaction, [13] and isocyanide‐based reactions and as a catalyst in various metal‐free reactions.…”