Isatin is a heterocyclic nitrogen compound that has attracted much interest in recent years due to its diverse biological and pharmacological activities. It can be used in many medical and biological applications, such as antidiabetic, antibiotic, and anticancer agents. The isatin molecule can also be prepared from different substrates by various methods, such as the methods of Sandmeyer, Stolle, Gassman, Meanwell and Hewawasam and others. On the other hand, the isatin molecule can undergo various chemical reactions, such as oxidation, Friedel-Crafts reaction, ring expansion, aldol condensation, and alkylation reactions. As a result of these reactions, several biologically useful biomolecules are formed, including 2-oxindoles, tryptanthrin, indirubins and others. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide an overview of the synthetic methods of the isatin molecule and its derivatives and to examine the various chemical reactions it undergoes. In addition, a list of some of the recently documented biological activities of isatin derivatives was compiled, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, and other properties.

In spite of phenobarbital has been used in various medical fields as hypnotics, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants, it also contains active functional groups that can be reacted to form other products as dyes, polymers, antimicrobial and anti-antioxidants agents. A series of barbituric acid derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-Tetrazoline moiety were synthesized from phenobarbital. Phenobarbital 1 as raw starting material was reacted with acrylonitrile compound to give diacetonitrile derivative 2, this compound was treated in two ways, urea and thiourea to form barbituric acid derivatives containing oxadiazole and thiadiazole ring 3, 4 respectively. The Schiff bases derivatives 5, 6 (a-c) were synthesized from reacting the latter compounds with three aromatic aldehydes. In the final step, the barbituric acid derivatives containing 1,2,3,4Tetrazoline moiety 7, 8 (a-c) were prepared by cycloaddition reaction between different Schiff bases derivatives and sodium azide. The compounds were characterized by Melting point, 13 C-NMR, 1 H-NMR and FTIR techniques. Also, the result compounds were tested against two kinds of bacteria and two kinds of fungi. Most of the prepared derivatives were showed a high and clear effect against different types of bacteria and fungi. Molecular docking of final barbituric acid derivatives 7, 8 (a, b) were investigated with Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD).

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Due to the spread of the Corona pandemic, the demand for hand sanitizers has increased dramatically. This led to a global scarcity of sterilizers. Therefore, this study was performed to produce and evaluate the effectiveness of new commercially available, cheap and ethanol-free hand sanitizers from various sources. The new hand sanitizers were prepared by mixing (glycerin) as a moisturizer and (carbomer) as thickening agents to form the gel with (tri-ethanolamine base) as pH neutralizer and (Tea tree oil, Aloe vera extract or Povidone 10%) respectively as antiseptic agents. All prepared hand sanitizers were examined with four kinds of bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) And two kinds of fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus). The prepared hand sanitizer gels showed good sterilization efficacy and similar to commercially prepared hand sanitizers (70% ethanol).