A Review on the 3D Printing of Functional Structures for Medical Phantoms and Regenerated Tissue and Organ Applications

Wang, Kan; Ho, Cheng-Yuan; Zhang, Chuck; Wang, Ben

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2017.05.013

Cited by 120 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Besides, phantom manufacturing is highly subject to change. We expect to see more three-dimensional printed perfusion phantoms in the coming years [43,53,54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative imaging: systematic review of perfusion/flow phantoms

et al. 2020

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Background: We aimed at reviewing design and realisation of perfusion/flow phantoms for validating quantitative perfusion imaging (PI) applications to encourage best practices. Methods: A systematic search was performed on the Scopus database for "perfusion", "flow", and "phantom", limited to articles written in English published between January 1999 and December 2018. Information on phantom design, used PI and phantom applications was extracted. Results: Of 463 retrieved articles, 397 were rejected after abstract screening and 32 after full-text reading. The 37 accepted articles resulted to address PI simulation in brain (n = 11), myocardial (n = 8), liver (n = 2), tumour (n = 1), finger (n = 1), and non-specific tissue (n = 14), with diverse modalities: ultrasound (n = 11), computed tomography (n = 11), magnetic resonance imaging (n = 17), and positron emission tomography (n = 2). Three phantom designs were described: basic (n = 6), aligned capillary (n = 22), and tissue-filled (n = 12). Microvasculature and tissue perfusion were combined in one compartment (n = 23) or in two separated compartments (n = 17). With the only exception of one study, inter-compartmental fluid exchange could not be controlled. Nine studies compared phantom results with human or animal perfusion data. Only one commercially available perfusion phantom was identified. Conclusion: We provided insights into contemporary phantom approaches to PI, which can be used for ground truth evaluation of quantitative PI applications. Investigators are recommended to verify and validate whether assumptions underlying PI phantom modelling are justified for their intended phantom application.

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“…Besides, phantom manufacturing is highly subject to change. We expect to see more three-dimensional printed perfusion phantoms in the coming years [43,53,54].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative imaging: systematic review of perfusion/flow phantoms

et al. 2020

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“…With these techniques, the 3D model is built layer-by-layer by deposition of photopolymer materials followed by curing with UV light. In principle, the composition of the printing material deposited at a given moment may be controlled by in situ mixing of different standard materials (different types of liquid resin monomers and/or additives) in a suitably designed multi-material printing head [8]. In this way, complex phantoms with local variations of resin materials can be produced, including different concentrations of one or more radionuclides and/or additives to control the radiodensity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, these phantoms are hollow cylinders containing hollow spheres, which are usually manufactured by molding techniques and then filled with radioactive liquids. While the geometric complexity of phantoms produced by conventional molding methods is somewhat limited, recently introduced 3D printing techniques allow preparation of phantoms of almost any shape, including anthropomorphic phantoms with fine structures, such as different organs and highly irregular tumor lesions [7,8]. So far, 3D printed phantoms have mainly been used for computed tomography (CT), followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing of radioactive phantoms for nuclear medicine imaging

et al. 2020

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Background: For multicenter clinical studies, PET/CT and SPECT/CT scanners need to be validated to ensure comparability between various scanner types and brands. This validation is usually performed using hollow phantoms filled with radioactive liquids. In recent years, 3D printing technology has gained increasing popularity for manufacturing of phantoms, as it is cost-efficient and allows preparation of phantoms of almost any shape. So far, however, direct 3D printing with radioactive building materials has not yet been reported. The aim of this work was to develop a procedure for preparation of 99m Tc-containing building materials and demonstrate successful application of this material for 3D printing of several test objects. Method: The desired activity of a [ 99m Tc]pertechnetate solution eluted from a 99 Mo/ 99m Tc-generator was added to the liquid 3D building material, followed by a minute amount of trioctylphosphine. The resulting two-phase mixture was thoroughly mixed. Following separation of the phases and chemical removal of traces of water, the radioactive building material was diluted with the required volume of non-radioactive building material and directly used for 3D printing. Results: Using our optimized extraction protocol with trioctylphosphine as complexforming phase transfer agent, technetium-99m was efficiently transferred from the aqueous 99 Mo/ 99m Tc-generator eluate into the organic liquid resin monomer. The observed radioactivity concentration ratio between the organic phase and the water phase was > 2000:1. The radioactivity was homogeneously distributed in the liquid resin monomer. We did not note differences in the 3D printing behavior of the radiolabeled and the unlabeled organic liquid resin monomers. Radio-TLC and SPECT studies showed homogenous 2D and 3D distribution of radioactivity throughout the printed phantoms. The radioactivity was stably bound in the resin, apart from a small amount of surface-extractable radioactivity under harsh conditions (ethanol at 50°C).Conclusions: 3D printing of radioactive phantoms using 99m Tc-containing building materials is feasible. Compared to the classical fillable phantoms, 3D printing with radioactive building materials allows manufacturing of phantoms without cold walls and in almost any shape. Related procedures with longer-lived radionuclides will enable production of phantoms for scanner validation and quality control.

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“…[2] The classical 3D printing techniques, in biomedical sector, are commonly used for bone and tissue engineering applications; however, the development of multimaterial 3D printing approach has added new dimensions to the existing applications to fabricate different types of biomedical utilities, which include surgical planning and guidance, customized biomedical implants, tailor made tablets, manufacturing of medical tools and devices, prostheses, 3D printing of tissues and organs, dental implants, and preclinical educations. [3,4] There are promising advantages for using 3D printing for biomedical scaffolds, for instance, ability to generate complex parts, porous architecture, and coculture of multiple cells, and incorporate growth factors. [5] However, critical care is advisable for 3D printing of biomaterial through the use of sterile environment for fabrication, architectural design, and maintaining compositions to target sophistication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of three‐dimensional printed thermal‐stimulus polylactic acid‐hydroxyapatite‐based shape memory scaffolds

Singh

Prakash

et al. 2020

Polymer Composites

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The shape memory polymers have attained huge attention as smart materials owing to their enormous benefits in the context of the common class of thermoplastics. In this study, novel thermal‐stimulus‐based hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds have been developed through three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology. Initially, the effect of various processing parameters, such as the proportion of HA in PLA and infill density, and level of stimulating temperature, on tensile, flexural, and compression strength of the developed composite scaffolds have been studied to understand their effects, through statistically assisted single and multiobjective optimization techniques. The shape recovery factor of the prestrained composite scaffolds has been assessed by providing thermal‐stimulus. Finally, the biological performance of the developed scaffolds has been evaluated through in vitro cell culture and wettability analysis. The morphological study of the composite scaffolds, at different stages, has been performed for understanding the effect of processing parameters on the mechanical, shape recovery effect, and biological responses. Overall, the results of the study highlighted that the 3D printed scaffolds possessed nearly 95.77% shape memory effect along with desirable mechanical, in vitro biocompatibility, and hydrophilic morphology suitable to be a potential candidate of fabricating customized biomedical devices with activated shape recovery abilities.

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A Review on the 3D Printing of Functional Structures for Medical Phantoms and Regenerated Tissue and Organ Applications

Cited by 120 publications

References 113 publications

Quantitative imaging: systematic review of perfusion/flow phantoms

Quantitative imaging: systematic review of perfusion/flow phantoms

3D printing of radioactive phantoms for nuclear medicine imaging

Characterization of three‐dimensional printed thermal‐stimulus polylactic acid‐hydroxyapatite‐based shape memory scaffolds

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