A Review on the Progress, Challenges, and Performances of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

In this twenty-first century, energy shortages have become a global issue as energy demand is growing at an astounding rate while the energy supply from fossil fuels is depleting. Thus, the urge to develop sustainable renewable energy to replace fossil fuels is significant to prevent energy shortages. Solar energy is the most promising, accessible, renewable, clean, and sustainable substitute for fossil fuels. Third-generation (3G) emerging solar cell technologies have been popular in the research field as there are many possibilities to be explored. Among the 3G solar cell technologies, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most rapidly developing technology, making them suitable for generating electricity efficiently with low production costs. However, the toxicity of Pb in organic–inorganic metal halide PSCs has inherent shortcomings, which will lead to environmental contamination and public health problems. Therefore, developing a lead-free perovskite solar cell is necessary to ensure human health and a pollution-free environment. This review paper summarized numerous types of Sn-based perovskites with important achievements in experimental-based studies to date.

Recent studies on small molecular and polymeric hole‐transporting materials for high‐performance perovskite solar cells

“…The effect of triarylamine substitution on the two isomeric structural linkages of carbazole-based HTMs on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs has been studied. Triphenylamine substitution at the 2,3,6,7 positions of Car [2,3] results in a more planar molecular alignment on top of the perovskite surface, and exhibits the highest PCE of 19.23% with enhanced long-term stability [98]. This can be attributed to the suitable energy level alignment of the HOMO of HTM with the adjacent perovskite valence band energy level, which results in efficient hole transport.…”

“…With regard to renewable energy resources, solar, wind, and biomass energy are all considered as viable alternatives to fossil fuels [2]. To this end, intense research is now being conducted on solar cell technologies with the aim of reducing the cost and increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) in order to improve large‐scale commercial production of this technology [3–25].…”

Mixed cations tin-germanium perovskite: A promising approach for enhanced solar cell applications

“…Compositional engineering has proven to be highly significant in this regard, as it has improved the stability of Sn-based perovskites by incorporating different A-site cations into the Sn structure [ 10 ]. This technique also allows for control over the bandgap of Sn-based perovskite materials, making them suitable for a range of optoelectronic devices with specific application requirements [ 11 ].…”

Unraveling the Performance of All‐Inorganic Lead‐Free CsSnI3‐Based Perovskite Photovoltaic with Graphene Oxide Hole Transport Layer

“…Perovskites have become up‐and‐coming semiconductor materials for optoelectronic applications due to their remarkable characteristics, including tunable energy bandgap, high and broad optical absorption spectra, extended charge carrier diffusion length, and efficient light harvesting. [ 1–5 ] These exceptional characteristics make perovskite semiconductors highly suitable for integrating diverse electronic devices, including light‐emitting diodes, light‐dependent resistors, photodetectors, memory devices, and photovoltaics. [ 6–8 ] Perovskite compounds denoted as ABX 3 , are composed of different cations at the “A” site (e.g., formamidinium (FA), methylammonium (MA), cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb)) and various cations with appropriate ionic radii at the “B” site (e.g., lead (Pb), tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), magnesium (Mg)), while the “X” site is filled by halides (e.g., iodide, bromide, chloride).…”