Abstract:All the world is involved in the COVID-19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus is a positive-sense RNA and has an envelope. There is no specific drug for this disease and treatment methods are limited. Malnutrition and electrolyte imbalance can make dysfunction in the immune system and impairment of the immune system causes increasing the risk of infection. Understanding the aspects of biological features of the virus will help the development of diagnosti… Show more
“…It inhibits virus replication in the host cells. The virulence property of SARS-CoV is mainly depends on its penetration property into pneumocytes [ 48 ]. Sodium selenite stops the viral infectivity by preventing the entry of coronaviruses into healthy host cells [ 49 ].…”
Section: Trace Elements In Immune Response Against Covid-19 and Othermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Decreased serum Se concentration causes accumulation of mutations in the genome of HIV, influenza A and SARS coronavirus, indicating the changes in the virulence is associated genetic structures [ 52 ]. Several studies demonstrated in animal model showed selenium deficiency increases mutation of viral genome which leads to increased pathogenicity and mortality [ 48 , 53 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Trace Elements In Immune Response Against Covid-19 and Othermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Selenium favours immuno-modulatory effects in many viral infections along with zinc. Adequate intake of nutrition showed better resilience and reduces the pathological conditions from COVID-19 infection [ 48 ]. In selenium deficient mice, several cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 were elevated, whereas IL-2 and IFN-γ were decreased.…”
Section: Trace Elements In Immune Response Against Covid-19 and Othermentioning
Nutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words “Trace elements”, “COVID-19”, “Viral Infections” and “Immune Response” (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.
“…It inhibits virus replication in the host cells. The virulence property of SARS-CoV is mainly depends on its penetration property into pneumocytes [ 48 ]. Sodium selenite stops the viral infectivity by preventing the entry of coronaviruses into healthy host cells [ 49 ].…”
Section: Trace Elements In Immune Response Against Covid-19 and Othermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Decreased serum Se concentration causes accumulation of mutations in the genome of HIV, influenza A and SARS coronavirus, indicating the changes in the virulence is associated genetic structures [ 52 ]. Several studies demonstrated in animal model showed selenium deficiency increases mutation of viral genome which leads to increased pathogenicity and mortality [ 48 , 53 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Trace Elements In Immune Response Against Covid-19 and Othermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Selenium favours immuno-modulatory effects in many viral infections along with zinc. Adequate intake of nutrition showed better resilience and reduces the pathological conditions from COVID-19 infection [ 48 ]. In selenium deficient mice, several cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 were elevated, whereas IL-2 and IFN-γ were decreased.…”
Section: Trace Elements In Immune Response Against Covid-19 and Othermentioning
Nutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words “Trace elements”, “COVID-19”, “Viral Infections” and “Immune Response” (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.
“…255,256 Selenium is a crucial component of the enzyme system of our body and a to a great extent, deficiency of selenium leads to improper functioning of the cellular immunity and increases the probability of oxidative stress which can further amplify the risk of viral genome mutation, enhanced pathogenicity and difficulty in treating the infection hence growing mortality. 254,257,258 Although evidence is limited yet early experience in COVID-19 patients shows that adequate selenium levels were associated with a better recovery rate than COVID-19 patients from the cities or high selenium levels had a high cure rate and low mortality as compared to low selenium levels areas. 259 The effectiveness of selenium in viral infections is supported by previous poliovirus infection, HIV, and epidemic hemorrhagic fever.…”
Section: Role Of Micronutrients Vitamins and Other Trace Elements Imentioning
confidence: 99%
“…255,272,274,275 By this means, micronutrient insufficiencies have been identified as an international public health concern. 258,276,277 A recent study by Darnton-Hill reported that selenium, iron, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, folic acid, copper, and zinc play an important role in improving the immune physiology and patient recovers earlier and decrease hospital stay among COVID-19 patients. 258 In support of that, several studies across the world advocated the importance of a balanced diet with relevant nutrients and trace elements as an extenuation approach to build robust immune physiology to fight back the COVID-19 pandemic.…”
Section: Role Of Micronutrients Vitamins and Other Trace Elements Imentioning
The global pandemic from COVID-19 infection has generated significant public health concerns, both health-wise and economically. There is no specific pharmacological antiviral therapeutic option to date available for COVID-19 management. Also, there is an urgent need to discover effective medicines, prevention, and control methods because of the harsh death toll from this novel coronavirus infection. Acute respiratory tract infections, significantly lower respiratory tract infections, and pneumonia are the primary cause of millions of deaths worldwide. The role of micronutrients, including trace elements, boosted the human immune system and was well established. Several vitamins such as vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate; microelement including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper; omega-3 fatty acids as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plays essential physiological roles in promoting the immune system. Furthermore, zinc is an indispensable microelement essential for a thorough enzymatic physiological process. It also helps regulate gene-transcription such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation in the human biological system. Subsequently, zinc, together with natural scavenger cells and neutrophils, are also involved in developing cells responsible for regulating nonspecific immunity. The modern food habit often promotes zinc deficiency; as such, quite a few COVID-19 patients presented to hospitals were frequently diagnosed as zinc deficient. Earlier studies documented that zinc deficiency predisposes patients to a viral infection such as herpes simplex, common cold, hepatitis C, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of reducing antiviral immunity. This manuscript aimed to discuss the various roles played by zinc in the management of COVID-19 infection.
Many aspects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease, COVID-19, have been studied to determine its properties, transmission mechanisms, and pathology. These efforts are aimed at identifying potential approaches to control or treat the disease. Early treatment of novel SARS-CoV-2 infection to minimize symptom progression has minimal evidence; however, many researchers and firms are working on vaccines, and only a few vaccines exist. COVID-19 is affected by several heavy metals and their nanoparticles. We investigated the effects of heavy metals and heavy metal nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2 and their roles in COVID-19 pathogenesis. AgNPs, AuNPs, gold-silver hybrid NPs, copper nanoparticles, zinc oxide, vanadium, gallium, bismuth, titanium, palladium, silver grafted graphene oxide, and some quantum dots were tested to see if they could minimize the severity or duration of symptoms in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection when compared to standard therapy.
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