A review on the use of calcium chloride in applied thermal engineering

N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem; Rammelberg, Holger Urs; Fopah-Lele, Armand; Korhammer, Kathrin; Watts, Beatriz Amanda; Schmidt, Thomas J.; Rück, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.09.047

Cited by 113 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(185 reference statements)

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“…Small deliquescence can be noticed; in fact a skin of the hydrated salt is sometimes formed on the surface of the bulk powder and strongly limits the diffusion of water vapour within the unreacted part of the sorbent [11]. Calcium chloride has a high deliquescence, a relative humidity of 29% at 30°C, leads to the formation of a liquid salt solution [12]. Due to high kinetic water uptake hygroscopic salt hydrates agglomerate easily, reducing the water uptake rate and cycle stability of the storage material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These matrices exhibit a high specific surface area and thus favour water-salt sorption interactions and are able to hold the salt and its solutions within their internal pore system. The main drawback of using composites is the reduction of the system's coefficient of performance, which is still preferred over the aforementioned issues [12]. In order to overcome this disadvantage, many studies have been performed within the project ''Thermal Battery" (Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry) [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sorption and thermal characterization of composite materials based on chlorides for thermal energy storage

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption and thermal characterization of composite materials based on chlorides for thermal energy storage

et al. 2016

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“…First, CaCl 2 is readily available in large quantities because it is produced as a by-product of industrial processes [29,30]. Second, it is relatively cheap (300-400 USD/ton) [31]. Third, the boiling point of CaCl 2 is 1935 • C [32], indicating its potential for a low evaporation rate during chromite reduction at temperatures higher than 1200 • C. In comparison, the boiling point of NaCl is 1465 • C [32], meaning that significant evaporation would take place when using NaCl as the additive for chromite reduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Production of Ferrochrome by Segregation Reduction of Chromite in the Presence of Calcium Chloride

Paktunç

2018

Metals

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Abstract:A solid reduction process is described whereby chromite is reduced with the help of calcium chloride to produce ferrochrome alloy powders with high metal recovery. The process involves segregation reduction of chromite using graphite as the reductant and calcium chloride as the segregation catalyst. Experiments were performed in the temperature range of 1200-1400 • C to evaluate the influences of various design parameters using both a thermogravimetric analyzer and an electric tube furnace with continuous off-gas analysis. The reduced products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and were subjected to wet chemical analysis. It was concluded that the addition of calcium chloride not only accelerated the carbothermic reduction of chromite but also promoted the formation and growth of individual ferrochrome alloy particles. The alloy formation within chromite particles was minimized, enabling the effective separation of ferrochrome alloy particles from the unwanted gangue without the need for fine grinding. Majority of the calcium chloride remained in a recoverable form, with a small percentage (<10 wt %) consumed by reacting with the siliceous gangue forming wadalite. Pure ferrochrome alloy powders were successfully produced with high metal recovery using elutriating separation.

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“…This phenomenon reduces the utility of the salt hydrate, as it would need salt to be cooled far below room temperature (25 °C), at which the electronic devices typically operate. Adding extra water can prevent the formation of the heavy anhydrous salt that can suppress sub-cooling but reduces the heat storage intensity of the PCM [17]. Addition of nucleating agents such as borax [26] can suppress the sub-cooling effect but it settles down due to higher density, and thus further research is required to solve this problem [27].…”

Section: Cooling Runmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Effectiveness of Different Phase Change Materials to Improve Cooling Performance of Heat Sinks for Electronic Devices

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This paper thermo-physically characterizes salt hydrate, paraffin wax and milk fat as phase change materials (PCMs). The three PCMs are compared in terms of improving heat sink (HS) performance for cooling electronic packaging. An experimental study is carried out on commercially available finned HS with and without PCM under natural ventilation (NV) and forced ventilation (FV) at different heat loads (4 W to 10 W). The results indicate that integration of all of the PCMs into the HS improves its cooling performance; however, milk fat lags behind the other two PCMs in terms of cooling produced. A three-dimensional pressure-based conjugate heat transfer model has been developed and validated with experimental results. The model predicts the parametric influence of PCM melting range, thermal conductivity and density on HS thermal management performance. The HS cooling performance improves with increased density and conductivity while it deteriorates with the wider melting range of the PCMs.

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A review on the use of calcium chloride in applied thermal engineering

Cited by 113 publications

References 125 publications

Sorption and thermal characterization of composite materials based on chlorides for thermal energy storage

Sorption and thermal characterization of composite materials based on chlorides for thermal energy storage

Direct Production of Ferrochrome by Segregation Reduction of Chromite in the Presence of Calcium Chloride

Comparative Effectiveness of Different Phase Change Materials to Improve Cooling Performance of Heat Sinks for Electronic Devices

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