A review over the role of catalysts for selective short-chain polyglycerol production from biodiesel derived waste glycerol

Chong, Chi Cheng; Aqsha, Aqsha; Ayoub, Muhammad; Sajid, Muhammad; Abdullah, Ahmad Zuhairi; Yusup, Suzana; Abdullah, Bawadi

doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.100859

Cited by 60 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Thus, the high conversion observed in the presence of NaX was explained by its low stability in the presence of water which resulted finally in a homogenous catalytic reaction. Furthermore, there are other limitations of using microporous zeolite catalysts for glycerol polymerization reactions including mass transfer limitations in internal pores which could limit the shape selectivity and also the low selectivity to PGs [10]. For instance, Ayoub et al [54] used a lithium-exchanged zeolite Y with average pore size of 3.1 nm at 240 • C to polymerize glycerol and obtained 99% glycerol conversion with only 72% selectivity to polyglycerols after 8 h of reaction.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of this paper is thus to review recent advances in the field of glycerol polymerization, with a specific focus on alkaline-catalyzed reaction, which fills the gap with previous reviews where focused on heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts and PG2 applications [9], as well as clay-based catalysts and their roles in the shape selectivity [10] with the recent advances made in this field. This paper also provides a view on polyglycerols applications, on the reaction mechanism involved in alkaline-catalyzed PGs reaction, with a focus on the issue of leaching and on the stability of these heterogeneous catalysts, as this critical point was not addressed by the previous reviews.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alkaline-Based Catalysts for Glycerol Polymerization Reaction: A Review

Ebadipour¹,

Paul²,

Katryniok³

et al. 2020

Catalysts

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Polyglycerols (PGs) are biocompatible and highly functional polyols with a wide range of applications, such as emulsifiers, stabilizers and antimicrobial agents, in many industries including cosmetics, food, plastic and biomedical. The demand increase for biobased PGs encourages researchers to develop new catalytic systems for glycerol polymerization. This review focuses on alkaline homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The performances of the alkaline catalysts are compared in terms of conversion and selectivity, and their respective advantages and disadvantages are commented. While homogeneous catalysts exhibit a high catalytic activity, they cannot be recycled and reused, whereas solid catalysts can be partially recycled. The key issue for heterogenous catalytic systems, which is unsolved thus far, is linked to their instability due to partial dissolution in the reaction medium. Further, this paper also reviews the proposed mechanisms of glycerol polymerization over alkaline-based catalysts and discusses the various operating conditions with an impact on performance. More particularly, temperature and amount of catalyst are proven to have a significant influence on glycerol conversion and on its polymerization extent.

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Section: Heterogeneous Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaline-Based Catalysts for Glycerol Polymerization Reaction: A Review

Ebadipour¹,

Paul²,

Katryniok³

et al. 2020

Catalysts

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“…Further purification procedures to eliminate impurities such as water, methanol, soap, and fat are necessary to increase glycerol concentration by over 80% before marketing with low-value crude glycerol, ranging from 35 to 50%. Not only has this surplus crude glycerol significantly affected consumer prices, but it also has caused environmental problems because treatment is needed before discharge into the atmosphere [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol waste to value added products and its potential applications

Chilakamarry

Sakinah

Zularisam

et al. 2021

Syst Microbiol and Biomanuf

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Graphic abstract The rapid industrial and economic development runs on fossil fuel and other energy sources. Limited oil reserves, environmental issues, and high transportation costs lead towards carbon unbiased renewable and sustainable fuel. Compared to other carbon-based fuels, biodiesel is attracted worldwide as a biofuel for the reduction of global dependence on fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect. During biodiesel production, approximately 10% of glycerol is formed in the transesterification process in a biodiesel plant. The ditching of crude glycerol is important as it contains salt, free fatty acids, and methanol that cause contamination of soil and creates environmental challenges for researchers. However, the excessive cost of crude glycerol refining and market capacity encourage the biodiesel industries for developing a new idea for utilising and produced extra sources of income and treat biodiesel waste. This review focuses on the significance of crude glycerol in the value-added utilisation and conversion to bioethanol by a fermentation process and describes the opportunities of glycerol in various applications.

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“…The biodiesel possesses the benefits of low emissions, good lubricity, biodegradation, eco‐friendly, nontoxicity, and sustainability. [ 3 ] Lately, researchers are seeking for cheap nonedible feedstocks such as jatropha oil, [ 4 ] palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD), [ 2 ] waste cooking oil (WCO), [ 5 ] Derris indica L. seed oil, [ 6 ] and so on to minimize the overall biodiesel production cost. However, these low‐cost materials are not suitable to perform with the alkali catalyst during the transesterification process owing to the existence of large quantities of FFAs, subsequently lead to issues such as increased purification costs, deficient catalyst recovery, and reduced yield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State‐of‐the‐Art of the Synthesis and Applications of Sulfonated Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: a Review

Chong¹,

Cheng²,

Lam

et al. 2021

Energy Tech

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Sulfonated carbon‐based catalysts (SCC) are favorable heterogeneous acids for acid‐catalyzed reactions including esterification and transesterification for biodiesel production. They are covalently functionalized with SO3H groups via CPhSO3H or CSO3H linkages with special carbon structures. To date, the types of SCC for biodiesel production ranges from biochar (BC), activated carbon (AC), graphene, graphite oxides, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, order mesoporous carbon, and graphitic carbon nitride. Lignocellulosic and biomass wastes are important carbon precursors for low‐cost BC and AC production. This review critically reviews and summarizes the most up‐to‐date research progress in the evolution of SCC for biodiesel production. Systematic discussions and comparisons on the different carbon materials, preparation methods, and sulfonation preparation parameters which directly affect the physicochemical attributes and catalytic performance are provided. The applications and reusability studies of these materials in biodiesel production are also included. Finally, the challenges to be addressed and future prospects of the research direction on the applications of SCC for biodiesel production are discussed.

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A review over the role of catalysts for selective short-chain polyglycerol production from biodiesel derived waste glycerol

Cited by 60 publications

References 104 publications

Alkaline-Based Catalysts for Glycerol Polymerization Reaction: A Review

Alkaline-Based Catalysts for Glycerol Polymerization Reaction: A Review

Glycerol waste to value added products and its potential applications

State‐of‐the‐Art of the Synthesis and Applications of Sulfonated Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: a Review

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