A Robust and Conductive Black Tin Oxide Nanostructure Makes Efficient Lithium‐Ion Batteries Possible

Abstract

SnO -based lithium-ion batteries have low cost and high energy density, but their capacity fades rapidly during lithiation/delithiation due to phase aggregation and cracking. These problems can be mitigated by using highly conducting black SnO , which homogenizes the redox reactions and stabilizes fine, fracture-resistant Sn precipitates in the Li O matrix. Such fine Sn precipitates and their ample contact with Li O proliferate the reversible Sn → Li Sn → Sn → SnO /SnO cycle during charging/discharging. SnO electrode has a reversible capacity of 1340 mAh g and retains 590 mAh g after 100 cycles. The addition of highly conductive, well-dispersed reduced graphene oxide further stabilizes and improves its performance, allowing 950 mAh g remaining after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g with 700 mAh g at 2.0 A g . Conductivity-directed microstructure development may offer a new approach to form advanced electrodes.

Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Tin(IV) Oxide Based Anode Materials toward Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Together with the crystal‐structure characterization, the authors demonstrate that the black SnO 2− x nanoparticles are rich in oxygen vacancies but still maintain the pristine structure. Benefiting from the existence of OVs, the electrical conductivity of the SnO 2− x nanoparticles is three orders of magnitude higher than that of pristine SnO 2 (Figure d) . Li et al.…”

“…[13].Copyright 2018,Elsevier. ChemSusChem 2018, 11,3693 -3703 www.chemsuschem.org [20].Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. ChemSusChem 2018, 11,3693 -3703 www.chemsuschem.org strate that the black SnO 2Àx nanoparticlesa re rich in oxygen vacancies but still maintain the pristines tructure.…”

“…Benefiting from the existence of OVs, the electrical conductivity of the SnO 2Àx nanoparticles is three orders of magnitude higher than that of pristineS nO 2 (Figure 5d). [20] Li et al employ the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to deposit SnO 2 onto graphene nanosheets (GNS). Owing to the intrinsically isotropic characteristics of amorphous SnO 2 ,t he sandwich structure and amorphousS nO 2 -GNS nanocomposite show better ability to overcomee lectrochemical and mechanicald egradation (Figure 6a,b)t han the crystalline counterpart.…”

“…Hydrothermal treatment is another approacht hat can be used to synthesize oxygen-defectives emiconductor oxides( e.g., TiO 2 , [15] Fe 2 O 3 , [5f, 16] MoO 3 , [5b] SnO 2 , [17] and WO 3 [18] ), owing to its UV/Vis spectroscopy the generated OVs usually reduce the bandg ap of the semiconductor oxides, which then change their absorptionrange [20] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)…”

“…Sn 3d spectraa re bathochromically shifteda saresult of the existence of OVs [5b, 13,20,21] Raman spectroscopythe E g mode is sensitive to defectssuchasO Vs [13,20] positron annihilationl ifetime spectroscopy (PALS) the existence of OVs gives rise to different positron lifetime characteristicsr elativetothe complete crystalline state [14] electrons pinresonance ( disclose the synthesis of aS nO 2Àx /N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) composite through ac ombination of electrostatic adsorption-induced self-assembly and at hermal reduction process (Figure 4a). TheO Vs are generated on the surface of nanocrystalline SnO 2 during thermalt reatment.…”