A Robust Flow-Based System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Cr(VI) in Recreational Waters

Abstract

A flow-based method for the spectrophotometric determination of chromium (VI) in recreational waters with different salinities was developed. Chromium can occur in the environment in different oxidation states with different related physiological properties. With regard to chromium, the speciation is particularly important, as the hexavalent chromium is considered to be carcinogenic. To achieve that purpose, the use of the diphenylcarbazide (DPC) selective colored reaction with the hexavalent chromium was the chosen strategy. The main objective was to develop a direct and simple spectrophotometric method that could cope with the analysis of different types of environmental waters, within different salinity ranges (fresh to marine waters). The potential interference of metal ions, that can usually be present in environmental waters, was assessed and no significant interferences were observed (<10%). For a complete Cr(VI) determination (three replicas) cycle, the corresponding reagents consumption was 75 µg of DPC, 9 mg of ethanol and 54 mg of sulfuric acid. Each cycle takes about 5 min, including the system clean-up. The limit of detection was 6.9 and 12.2 µg L−1 for waters with low and high salt content, respectively. The method was applied for the quantification of chromium (VI) in both fresh and marine water, and the results were in agreement with the reference procedure.

Inoculation of chromium-tolerant bacterium LBA108 to enhance resistance in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and combined remediation of chromium-contaminated soil

“…32 Cr( vi ) reduction potential of LBA108 was estimated by the diphenylcarbazide technique. 34 Meanwhile, the effect of time on the capacity of reduction is also investigated.…”

Effects of Domestic Sewage on the Photosynthesis and Chromium Migration of Coix lacryma-jobi L. in Chromium-Contaminated Constructed Wetlands

“…Based on the method developed by Ribas [28], the Cr (VI) content in water was measured using diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometry. The colorimetric tubes used were soaked in 10% dilute nitric acid for over 16 h to prevent Cr (VI) adsorption on the inner walls of the tubes.…”

Determination of ultra-trace level Cr(vi) in seawater using large-volume direct injection by LC-ICP-MS with in-line matrix elimination

“…In contrast, Cr(VI) is highly toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. [5][6][7][8][9][10] What's worse, Cr(VI) is highly water-soluble and mobile, leading to widespread water contamination over a long period. For this reason, Cr(VI) has been declared as a toxic hazardous pollutant and a class I human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), respectively.…”