Structural health monitoring and damage detection techniques are tools of great importance namely in the offshore, civil, mechanical and aeronautical engineering communities, either due to safety reasons or to the economical benefits it may bring. The need for detecting damage in complex structures has led to the development of a vast amount of techniques, in particular those based upon structural vibration analysis. In the present article, some of the latest advances in Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection have been covered, with an emphasis on composite structures, given the fact that this kind of materials have currently a wide range of engineering applications.