A Role of the Plating Regime in the Deposition of Bismuth Films onto a Carbon Paste Electrode. Microscopic Study

Abstract

Scanning electron microscopic images of the bismuth films showed a considerable variability in structure and compactness of the deposited layer in dependence on experimental conditions chosen such as the concentration of Bi(III) species, the total acidity of plating media, the stability of complexes of Bi(III) with halogenide anions or the deposition potential applied.

A Decade with Bismuth‐Based Electrodes in Electroanalysis

“…In general, it can be stated that all major activities started in the previous years had intensive continuation. For example, a growing attention was paid to the microscopic imaging of bismuth films and similar microstructures using SEM or AFM [47,57,60,61]. The respective morphologies were shown to be markedly diversified and transformable into different structures that influenced the electroanalytical performance of the resultant electrodes more than was known for related mercury films.…”

Carbon paste electrodes in the new millennium

“…Regarding the last advances in the field of metallic film-coated CPEs, the main boom is surely connected with the development and applications of bismuth film-plated carbon paste electrodes (BiF-CPEs [42,[243][244][245][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262]) and other related configurations [254][255][256]258,260,[263][264][265]. The respective activities started within our research group in the early 2000s [248] as an answer to the actual introduction of bismuth film-coated GCEs; again, within the challenges of green analytical chemistry (see [47,[266][267][268][269][270] and refs.…”

“…therein) as bismuth and its compounds represent environmentally friendly and less toxic element compared to mercury or mercury(II) salts. The BiF-CPE can be prepared either in-situ [249,250] or using external deposition of the film in a suitable plating solution [243,252]. In addition, a heterogeneous nature of carbon pastes allows one to modify this electrode material either at the outer surface by bismuth films, or via bismuth species added in the bulk.…”

“…Worth of mentioning are also special microscopic studies focused on carbon pastes pre-plated with bismuth films [42,252,261]. As revealed by comparative observations, the electrolytic formation of bismuth microlayers proceeds in three subsequent steps, during which the overall morphology undergoes significant changes.…”

Application of a Graphene Oxide–Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Lead in Rainbow Trout from Central Europe

“…Both carbon paste electrodes and square wave voltammetry (SWV) are very popular in various fields of research. SW techniques owe their prevalence (Mirceski et al , 2013aPacheco et al 2010;da Costa Fulgencio et al 2014;Smarzewska et al 2012Smarzewska et al , 2014Snevajsova et al 2010;Skrzypek et al 2011;Nosal-Wiercinska and Dalmata 2009) to rapidity, simplicity and sensitivity, while carbon paste electrodes are cheap, stable and easy to modify (Svancara et al 2005;Arvand and Kermanian 2013;Vazquez et al 2012;Khaled et al 2008;Kalcher 1990;Mailley et al 2004;Fathirad et al 2013). …”