A Scalable Context-Aware Objective Function (SCAOF)  of Routing Protocol for Agricultural Low-Power and  Lossy Networks (RPAL)

Chen, Yibo; Chanet, Jean-Pierre; Hou, Kun Mean; Shi, Hongling; Sousa, Gil de

doi:10.3390/s150819507

Cited by 49 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In a similar way, the scalable context-aware objective function (SCAOF) [46] has been proposed which utilizes the weighted sum of three metrics, i.e., degree of node connectivity, node energy, and node location in the DODAG relative to the parent node. The diverse applications of IoT networks require numerous performance parameters.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks for heterogeneous traffic network

Musaddiq

Zikria

Zulqarnain

et al. 2020

J Wireless Com Network

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In a real network deployment, the diverse sensor applications generate a heterogeneous traffic pattern which may include basic sensing measurements such as temperature readings or high-volume multimedia traffic. In a heterogeneous traffic network, the two standardized objective functions (OFs), i.e., objective function zero (OF0) and the Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) for routing protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) perform poor routing decisions by selecting an already congested parent node and cause more retransmissions across the network. Therefore, careful consideration is required in designing a new OF for heterogeneous traffic scenarios. In this study, we examine the RPL protocol under a heterogeneous traffic pattern and proposed a new protocol based on queue and workload-based condition (QWL-RPL). The aim of the proposed protocol is to achieve a reliable path with better overall performance. The proposed OF model considers the link workload in addition to mapping the congestion status of the node using the packet queue. We implement the proposed routing model in the Contiki operating system (OS) Cooja environment to compare with the existing technique. The simulation results show that QWL-RPL can improve the performance of a heterogeneous traffic network as compared with both OF0 and MRHOF, specifically in terms of the amount of overhead, packets reception ratio (PRR), average delay, and jitter. Final results indicate that on average, there is a 5%-30% improvement in PRR, 25%-45% reduction in overheads, 12%-30% reduction in average delay, and 20%-40% reduction in jitter.The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large system of interconnected heterogeneous devices to sense our physical environment and communicate the sensed information. Each sensor detects its vicinity and transmits the sensed information to the sink node via its neighboring nodes using multihop communication [1]. The practical applications of such a system include smart cities [2] [3], industrial and building automation, disaster management [4], smart grid, and smart healthcare [5]. A sensor discovers its neighbors, builds the topology, and routes the sensed data. An IoT system requires an efficient networking mechanism to facilitate such an interconnected heterogeneous flow of traffic. An efficient routing mechanism must consider these device characteristics and constrained resources. Furthermore, the IoT sensors usually face unfavorable environmental factors. Thus, designing of such routing protocols is a complicated task due to the resource limitations of these devices, such as limited energy, limited memory, and limited processing power [6]. For any pair of communicating nodes, a reasonable goal for such a protocol is to improve communication performance while maintaining energy consumption at a minimum level. However, achieving this goal requires careful consideration of the lossy nature of the network, fluctuating traffic patterns, varying link qualities, routing loops, and convergence time [7].Several rou...

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks for heterogeneous traffic network

Musaddiq

Zikria

Zulqarnain

et al. 2020

J Wireless Com Network

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“…The Scalable Context-Aware Objective Function (SCAOF) for agriculture low power and lossy networks (A-LLNs) is proposed in [93]. SCAOF combines the metrics of remaining energy, ETX, availability information, and hardware robustness (number of restarts) and affordable workload (the tendency of node to consume energy), in a way that guarantees the selection of a reliable path while avoiding nodes that have depleted their power reserves.…”

Section: A) Hybrid Composition Enhancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SCAOF combines the metrics of remaining energy, ETX, availability information, and hardware robustness (number of restarts) and affordable workload (the tendency of node to consume energy), in a way that guarantees the selection of a reliable path while avoiding nodes that have depleted their power reserves. This study also introduces the notion of ETX_Threshold and RE_Threshold in order to allow for a configuration that is consistent with specific application [93]. The proposed objective function is evaluated by means of simulations and testbed experiments and compared to RPL-ETX (the exact used OF is unclear) in terms of packet loss rate, routing table size, Round-Trip Time (RTT), overheads, path hop distance, packet delays, network churn, and network lifetime.…”

Section: A) Hybrid Composition Enhancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

Ghaleb

Al‐Dubai

Ekonomou

et al. 2019

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

121

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Driven by the special requirements of the Lowpower and Lossy Networks (LLNs), the IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL) was standardized by the IETF some six years ago to tackle the routing issue in such networks. Since its introduction, however, numerous studies have pointed out that, in its current form, RPL suffers from issues that limit its efficiency and domain of applicability. Thus, several solutions have been proposed in the literature in an attempt to overcome these identified limitations. In this survey, we aim mainly to provide a comprehensive review of these research proposals assessing whether such proposals have succeeded in overcoming the standard reported limitations related to its core operations. Although some of RPL's weaknesses have been addressed successfully, the study found that the proposed solutions remain deficient in overcoming several others. Hence, the study investigates where such proposals still fall short, the challenges and pitfalls to avoid, thus would help researchers formulate a clear foundation for the development of further successful extensions in future allowing the protocol to be applied more widely.

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“…Many research papers in the literature concentrate on efforts to deal with the issue of context-sensitivity of IoT applications [33]. In regards to context awareness, the authors in [34] have proposed a scalable context-aware objective function (SCAOF) that adapts the RPL for the environmental monitoring in the agricultural sector with contextual facts. It is designed according to the composite routing metrics approach by combining the reliability-aware, robustness-aware, resource-aware, and energy-aware contexts.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Resource Oriented Route Selection Framework Using Contextual Information Based on Fuzzy Logic

Bhandari

Cho

2019

Electronics

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Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to have a significant impact on city’s service provisioning and make a smart city more accessible and pragmatic since the deployment of heterogeneous smart devices in each infrastructure of cities is increasing. So far, the IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is considered to fit on IoT infrastructure for achieving the expected network requirements. While RPL meets the IoT network requirements quite well, there are some issues that need to be addressed, such as adaptability to network dynamics. This issue significantly limits the use of RPL in many smart city application scenarios, such as emergency alerts with high traffic flows. As part of a smart city vision, IoT applications are becoming more diverse, which requires context-awareness in routing protocols to support the behavior of the network. To address this issue, we design an objective function that performs the route selection based on fuzzy logic techniques while using contextual information from the application. For this, we present a new context-oriented objective function (COOF) that comprises both nodes as well as link metrics. Further, we suggest two new routing metrics, known as queue fluctuation index (QFI) and residual energy index (REI), which consider the status of queue utilization and remaining energy, respectively. The metrics used are designed to respond to the dynamic needs of the network. The proposed approach has been examined and evaluated in different scenarios when compared to other similar approach and default RPL objective functions. Simulation experiments are conducted in Cooja network simulator for Contiki OS. The evaluation results show that COOF can cope with network dynamics and IoT-based smart city application requirements.

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A Scalable Context-Aware Objective Function (SCAOF) of Routing Protocol for Agricultural Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPAL)

Cited by 49 publications

References 56 publications

Routing protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks for heterogeneous traffic network

Routing protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks for heterogeneous traffic network

A Survey of Limitations and Enhancements of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks: A Focus on Core Operations

A Resource Oriented Route Selection Framework Using Contextual Information Based on Fuzzy Logic

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