Time-domain/transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey measures changes in the electromagnetic (EM) field with respect to time, after an artificially generated electric or magnetic field is discontinued. Therefore, only secondary magnetic fields are measured that are free from the primary magnetic fields. Theoretically, TEM measurements are frequency responses that provide information on the conductivities of shallow to deep sub-surfaces. TEM data, normally stacked, are corrected during data processing. TEM measurement responses for synthetic models can be numerically computed using the finite difference, finite element, and finite volume methods. In this review, initially we have discussed the basic theory of the TEM method and TEM survey systems by classifying them into loop and ground-wire transmitters. Subsequently, we discussed data processing, modelling, and inversion. Finally, we discussed field survey cases from various application fields by classifying them into land, marine, and airborne TEM systems.