A seasonal pattern of apple root growth in Western Australia

Cripps, J. E. L.

doi:10.1080/00221589.1970.11514341

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Similar results were found for citrus (Citrus sinensis) (Bevington and Castle, 1985) and for red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings (Drew, 1982). Conversely, apple (Malus domestica) trees were found to have concurrent root and shoot growth flushes (Cripps, 1970). Some tropical fruits have continuous root growth, despite periodic shoot growth (Marler and Willis, 1996;Willis and Marler, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Influence of nitrogen application rate on the magnitude of root and shoot growth flushes of Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl

Schoene

Yeager

2006

Plant Soil

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Most trees and shrubs have cyclic, rather than continuous shoot and root growth. Growth cycles have important implications with regards to transplant and fertilization timing. Although growth cycles of several woody species have been characterized, no information is available on sweet viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum). A series of experiments was conducted to study shoot and root growth flushes of sweet viburnum and the influence of nitrogen fertilization on flushes. Plants were grown in observation tubes and kept under greenhouse conditions. Sweet viburnum exhibited alternating periods of root and shoot elongation, and the root elongation peak preceded shoot elongation peak by 6-18 days. Increased nitrogen fertilization rate negatively impacted the magnitude and number of root growth flushes. Further research is needed to determine when maximum nitrogen uptake is occurring, relative to root and shoot growth cycles.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Influence of nitrogen application rate on the magnitude of root and shoot growth flushes of Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl

Schoene

Yeager

2006

Plant Soil

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“…growth in situ. Research before the development of minirhizotrons suggested that apple root growth peaked before and after the main phase of shoot growth in early to midsummer (Cripps, 1970;Head, 1967). These seasonal patterns were affected by pruning (Rogers and Head, 1969) and rootstock genotype (Rogers, 1939), and presumably would vary across different climatic regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Growth Phenology, Root Longevity, and Rhizosphere Respiration of Field Grown `Mutsu' Apple Trees on `Malling 9' Rootstock

Psarras¹,

Merwin²,

Lakso³

et al. 2000

jashs

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A 2-year field study of `Mutsu' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] on `Malling 9' (M.9) rootstock was conducted to observe root growth in situ, and compare patterns of root growth, root maturation and turnover rates, and soil-root respiration. Rhizosphere respiration was monitored with a portable chamber connected to an infrared gas analyzer; root emergence, browning, and turnover rates were measured by direct observation through minirhizotron tubes inserted in the root zone. Negligible root growth was observed before the onset of shoot growth in mid-May. In both years, a main peak of new root emergence in late June and early July coincided partially with major phases of shoot and fruit growth. A smaller peak of root emergence during August to September 1997 consisted primarily of new roots at 20 to 45 cm soil depths. Most roots remained <1 mm in diameter and developed in the upper 25 cm soil profile; no roots were observed at any time below 50 cm, due to a compacted soil layer at that depth. The cumulative survivorship of new roots was 38% in 1996 and 64% in 1997, and 50% of emergent white roots turned brown or senesced within 26 days in 1996 and 19 days in 1997. Root turnover rates were highest in mid-August both years. Rhizosphere respiration was correlated (r2 = 0.36 and 0.59, P = 0.01 and 0.004) with soil temperatures in 1996 and 1997, with Q10 values of 2.3 in both years. The Q10 for root-dependent respiration (the difference between soil only and combined soil-root respiration) in 1997 was 3.1, indicating that roots were more sensitive than soil microflora to soil temperature. The temporal overlap of high rates of shoot, root and fruit growth from late May to mid-July suggests this is a critical period for resource allocations and competition in temperate zone apple trees.

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“…(e.g., transplanting) when soil temperatures were not limiting (Cripps, 1970;Wang et al, 1995). Species more prone to desiccation may not be able to take advantage of the favorable soil temperatures when transplanted in summer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differences among the values of the non-transplanted treatments relative to the transplanted treatments and each other reflect the relatively sparse root production by trees in the non-transplanted field treatment as well as the high root production of trees in the nontransplanted PIP treatment. The greater activity of the transplanted trees relative to the non-transplanted field trees likely represents the stimulation of anomalous root growth resulting from transplanting (Cripps, 1970;Watson and Himelick, 1982).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Root Production and Mortality during Transplant Establishment of Landscape-sized Sugar Maple

Richardson-Calfee¹,

Harris²,

Jones³

et al. 2010

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. balled-and-burlapped, pot-in-pot, rhizotron, season, standing crop, turnover ABSTRACT. Root system regeneration after transplanting of large trees is key to successful establishment, yet the influences of different production systems and transplant timing on root growth remain poorly understood. Patterns of new root production and mortality were therefore measured for 1 year after transplanting landscape-sized Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple). Trees were transplanted into root observation chambers (rhizotrons) from two production systems, balled-and-burlapped (B&B) and pot-in-pot (PIP), in November, December, March, April, and July and compared with non-transplanted trees. Although root production stopped in midwinter in all transplants and non-transplanted field-grown trees, slight wintertime root production was observed in non-transplanted PIP trees. Root mortality occurred year-round in all treatments with highest mortality in winter in the transplanted trees and spring and summer in the non-transplanted trees. Non-transplanted PIP trees had significantly greater standing root length, annual production, and mortality than non-transplanted field and transplanted PIP trees. For B&B trees, greatest standing length, production, and mortality occurred in the April transplant treatment. Production and mortality were roughly equal for non-transplanted trees, but production dominated early dynamics of transplanted trees. Overall, increases in root length occurred in all treatments, but the magnitude and timing of root activity were influenced by both production system and timing of transplant.

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A seasonal pattern of apple root growth in Western Australia

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of nitrogen application rate on the magnitude of root and shoot growth flushes of Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl

Influence of nitrogen application rate on the magnitude of root and shoot growth flushes of Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl

Root Growth Phenology, Root Longevity, and Rhizosphere Respiration of Field Grown `Mutsu' Apple Trees on `Malling 9' Rootstock

Patterns of Root Production and Mortality during Transplant Establishment of Landscape-sized Sugar Maple

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