A Secured Energy Management Architecture for Smart Hybrid Microgrids Considering PEM-Fuel Cell and Electric Vehicles

Abstract

This article assesses the energy management of reconfigurable residential smart hybrid AC/DC microgrids considering the combined heat and power (CHP) loads as well as the electric vehicles charging/discharging behaviors. A holistic model is developed for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell to retrieve the unwanted thermal energy generated at the operation time. The proposed model makes use of the unoccupied capacity of the fuel cell for producing/storing hydrogen for the later usage and increasing its efficiency. A stochastic framework is designed using point estimate method (PEM) to capture the uncertainties of the photovoltaic and wind turbine forecast error, power company price, the operating temperature of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the price for natural gas, price for selling hydrogen, and the pressure of the H2 and O2 in the fuel cell stack. The PEM approach has shown superior advantages in terms of accuracy and running time. Considering the complex and nonlinear structure of the proposed framework, a proficient optimization technique based on the teacher learning algorithm (TLA) is devised. A two-phase modification method is proposed to increase the algorithm variety and help its convergence characteristics. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with the TLA, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). For enhancing the security of the energy and data transaction within the system, a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based security framework is introduced to guarantee the performance of the system against the subversive accesses. By using this scheme, the essential data of the units are recorded and secured in the form of public, private and transaction blockchains. The economic characteristics of the proposed method are assessed on a residential hybrid AC-DC microgrid test system.

Towards Energy Management Negotiation Between Distributed AC/DC Networks

“…To restraint the aging of EVs' batteries, their depth of discharge (DOD) should not be less than 80%. In order to deal with this issue, the DOD cost obtained in constraint (43) is added to the objective function as the second term [21].…”

Optimal Scheduling and Management of a Smart City Within the Safe Framework

“…The smart city idea is focused on the connection and the relationship between structures wherever communication and information technology (IT) take a major part [3]. Many smart cities taxonomies are discussed and explained in [4,5]. These explanations point out that the smart cities still face with many challenges and issues in terms of energy trading, security and privacy of the agents.…”

Energy Transaction for Multi-Microgrids and Internal Microgrid Based on Blockchain

“…Therefore, the research of microgrid energy trading based on blockchain technology is concerned by many researchers [13]- [27]. In [13], a pricing system similar to the wholesale market was proposed in which the quotation is decided by sellers and buyers.…”

“…In [26], a consortium blockchain trading model to support P2P energy trading using proof-of-stake protocol is designed, and a type of crypto-currency named 'elecoin' is allowed to circulate in the market. And in [27], a secured architecture for the optimal operation of smart hybrid AC-DC microgrids with a proper DAG-based data transaction framework is proposed, in which a stochastic approach based on Modification Teacher Learning Algorithm (MTLA) and Point Estimate Method (PEM) is used to solve the optimal power scheduling.…”