A Self-Operating Time Crystal Model of the Human Brain: Can We Replace Entire Brain Hardware with a 3D Fractal Architecture of Clocks Alone?

Abstract

Time crystal was conceived in the 1970s as an autonomous engine made of only clocks to explain the life-like features of a virus. Later, time crystal was extended to living cells like neurons. The brain controls most biological clocks that regenerate the living cells continuously. Most cognitive tasks and learning in the brain run by periodic clock-like oscillations. Can we integrate all cognitive tasks in terms of running clocks of the hardware? Since the existing concept of time crystal has only one clock with a singularity point, we generalize the basic idea of time crystal so that we could bond many clocks in a 3D architecture. Harvesting inside phase singularity is the key. Since clocks reset continuously in the brain–body system, during reset, other clocks take over. So, we insert clock architecture inside singularity resembling brain components bottom-up and top-down. Instead of one clock, the time crystal turns to a composite, so it is poly-time crystal. We used century-old research on brain rhythms to compile the first hardware-free pure clock reconstruction of the human brain. Similar to the global effort on connectome, a spatial reconstruction of the brain, we advocate a global effort for more intricate mapping of all brain clocks, to fill missing links with respect to the brain’s temporal map. Once made, reverse engineering the brain would remain a mere engineering challenge.

Reducing the Dimension of a Patch-Clamp to the Smallest Physical Limit Using a Coaxial Atom Probe

“…10. We could simulate the electromagnetic resonance properties by creating a look-alike model of the real cultured neuron in the CST simulator and replicate the entire experiment [27]. The resonance frequencies approximately match between theory and experiment at 2.8 THz, 6 THz, 9 THz, 12 THz, 15 THz and 2.2 THz, 5.02 THz, 9.8 THz, 11 THz, 17.5 THz between mid panel and right panel in Fig.…”

“…The gap is either empty or filled with dielectric (glass is one of many choices). The central dielectric region between two probes could sense a signal as a dielectric resonator or cavity resonator by trapping the signals reflected or radiated from the surface [27,28]. The complex permittivity of a sample is determined from the coaxial aperture's reflection coefficient, which is measured by a vector network analyzer (VNA).…”

“…The atomic resolution coaxial probe could be used as a patch-clamp; at the same time, its dielectric resonator cavity would detect the protein vibrations [32][33][34] deep inside a live neuron cell [30,31]. Apart from simulating the coaxial electrode, we have built an artificial neuron and tubulin protein model following accurate experimental details in CST (PDB structure was converted in CST), and studied their electromagnetic resonance properties theoretically [27]. For an atomic resolution setup, the tip-material junction's curvature dramatically changes the measurement scenario.…”

“…In the last 30 years of coaxial probe research, this is the only advantage that has been explored by tuning the probe dimension [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Temporal map of biosystems [27,28] requires multi-mode use of coaxial probe [29][30][31], which we studied previously. However, no study was done on the theoretical understanding of the probe and its interaction with the biosystem under measurement.…”

Space and Time Crystal Engineering in Developing Futuristic Chemical Technology

“…As the total energy is conserved, the time crystal never performs any mechanical work by using thermal energy. Time crystals are present in biological systems, such as neurons [43,44], brains [45,46], microtubules [47] etc.…”