A Sensing Contribution-Based Two-Layer Game for Channel Selection and Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Ad-hoc Networks

Abstract

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, the secondary users (SUs) sense the spectrum licensed to the primary users (PUs) to identify and possibly transmit over temporarily unoccupied channels. Cooperative sensing was proposed to improve the sensing accuracy, but in heterogeneous scenarios SUs do not contribute equally to the cooperative sensing result because they experience different received PU signal quality at their sensors. In this paper, a twolayer coalitional game is developed for distributed sensing and access in multichannel CR ad hoc networks where the SUs' transmission opportunities are commensurate with their sensing contributions, thus fostering cooperation and eliminating free-riders. Numerical results show that the proposed two-layer game is computationally efficient and outperforms previously investigated collaborative sensing and spectrum access approaches for heterogeneous multichannel CR networks in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, SU fairness, and complexity. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this game is robust to changes in the network topology and the number of SUs in low-mobility scenarios. Finally, we propose a new physical-layer approach to distributing the network-level miss-detection (MD) constraints fairly among the interfering SUs for guaranteed PU protection and demonstrate the performance advantages of the AND-rule combining of spectrum sensing results for heterogeneous SUs. Index TermsCoalitional game, bargaining game, cooperative sensing and access, cognitive radio (CR).

Hybrid spectrum access model using game theory approach for multi-channel heterogeneous mobile cognitive radio wireless sensor network

“…Further, this work evaluates energy efficiency of HSAM-CRWSN. The parameter and energy consumption model used to evaluate energy efficiency of HSAM-CRWSN is obtained from [7] and the energy efficiency of secondary user is computed as follows [18,25]…”

“…where is the amount of effective packet transmitted and is the expected energy consumed. Here we compare HSAM-CRWSN with [18] only. Since, as per our knowledge it is only joint spectrum access model for multi-channel CR-WSN.…”

“…Since, as per our knowledge it is only joint spectrum access model for multi-channel CR-WSN. Experiment outcome shows HSAM-CRWSN attains an average energy efficiency of 21.34%, 26.01%, and 31.04% over Two-Layer Game [18] considering varied sensor device, sensor mobility speed, and frequency channel. The outcome attained is due to accurate channel available likelihood estimation model and existence of fine-grained Nash equilibrium for hybrid spectrum access model that reduces interference among users and the same time allocate resource fairly to user.…”

“…For achieving fair resource allocation, game theory model is being adopted by various existing research [15][16][17]. However, these models are designed considering static secondary user, single channel, and homogenous environment and in [18] a game theory model is discussed considering multi-channel environment and mobile secondary device. However, the existence of Nash equilibrium is not explored which incurs channel switching overhead due to interference when mobility speed is increased.…”

Non-Cooperative Spectrum Access Strategy Based on Impatient Behavior of Secondary Users in Cognitive Radio Networks

“…Due to the spectrum scarcity, the SUs must compete for the limited idle spectrum resources in CRN, and each of them wants to maximize its own benefit through the best decision. The non-cooperative game theory can be used to model and analyze the interaction between SUs [38]. Each SU is assumed to be risk neutral, that is, it only has interests in maximizing the expected value of its own benefit [39].…”