“…, the enzyme-free electrochemical detection of lactic acid and glucose has received serious consideration and made significant development in recent years. 28,29 Over recent years, there have been several enzyme-free electrochemical sensors utilizing a variety of nanostructured materials, comprising noble metallic nanoparticles (gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), and their alloy metals), 30–32 transition metal oxides (copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO), manganese oxide (MnO 2 ), Co 3 O 4 , and their nanocomposites), 33,34 graphene nanocomposites, 35 metal–organic frameworks, 36,37 and transition metal chalcogenides, 15,38–45 were developed. As depicted in Fig.…”