A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories

Slotnick, Scott D.; Schacter, Daniel L.

doi:10.1038/nn1252

Cited by 419 publications

(378 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The minimum cluster extent was determined by calculating the number of resampled (2 mm isotropic) voxels equal in volume to one original (4.5 mm isotropic) voxel. The cluster extent threshold procedure (48,49) was used to establish corresponding clusterwise type I error rates (corrected for multiple comparisons), taking into account the imaging parameters used in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cortical signatures of noun and verb production

Shapiro

Moo

Caramazza

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

201

171

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Categories like ''noun'' and ''verb'' represent the basic units of grammar in all human languages, and the retrieval of categorical information associated with words is an essential step in the production of grammatical speech. Studies of brain-damaged patients suggest that knowledge of nouns and verbs can be spared or impaired selectively; however, the neuroanatomical correlates of this dissociation are not well understood. We used event-related functional MRI to identify cortical regions that were active when English-speaking subjects produced nouns or verbs in the context of short phrases. Two regions, in the left prefrontal cortex and left superior parietal lobule, were selectively activated for verb trials compared with noun trials; one region in the left inferior temporal lobe was more active during noun production than verb production. We propose that these regions are involved in representing core conceptual properties of nouns and verbs.actions ͉ cortex ͉ language ͉ objects L inguists since antiquity have classified words into two basic parts of speech, noun and verb (or equivalents thereof) (1, 2). These categories are universal across languages (3) and represent elemental building blocks for grammatical rules that combine single words into phrases and sentences, allowing us to distinguish, for example, well formed sentences (the birds are singing) from ungrammatical sentences (*the sings are birding). Prototypically the class of nouns includes words that denote concrete objects, whereas verbs refer to imageable actions, but this semantic association is hardly restrictive: abstract concepts (the idea) and action words (the kick) can also be named by nouns, and not all verbs name actions (to enjoy) (4). Indeed, beginning at age 4 or 5 normal speakers can even assign grammatical categories to meaningless pseudowords, like the wugs and he zibs (5).What cognitive and neural mechanisms underlie this extraordinary productivity? Some clues have come from the study of brain-damaged patients who appear to have selective difficulties in producing either nouns or verbs (6, 7). Patients with lesions in the left temporal cortex often present with deficits in noun production; left frontal lesions, on the other hand, are associated with impairments in producing verbs (8-11). However, the demonstration of such lesion-deficit patterns has relied, in most cases, on patients' abilities to name pictureable items of different types (objects and actions). This limitation has made it hard to ascertain whether such impairments are truly grammatical in nature, or more reflective of problems in accessing particular aspects of word meaning, like perceptual properties of objects or sensorimotor contingencies associated with actions.Prior functional imaging studies of noun and verb processing (12-16) have been bedeviled by similar confounds. Although some of these experiments have used abstract as well as concrete word stimuli, thereby avoiding the simple conflation of semantic and grammatical categories, they have all nevertheles...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Event-related activity time courses for each event type were extracted from each region of interest by using custom software written in MATLAB (49). Time courses were baseline-corrected to produce a null average signal change from 0 to 4 s before stimulus onset and were subject to linear trend removal.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical signatures of noun and verb production

Shapiro

Moo

Caramazza

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

201

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Interestingly, the main regions found to differentiate true from false memories are in sensory cortices and MTL (Cabeza et al 2001;Slotnick and Schacter 2004;Daselaar et al 2006b;Kirwan et al 2009;Dennis et al 2012), the same regions that may be expected to show reinstatement.…”

Section: Reinstatement Of Encoding Processes During Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Retrieval in Mice and Men

Ben-Yakov

Dudai

Mayford

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

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Retrieval, the use of learned information, was until recently mostly terra incognita in the neurobiology of memory, owing to shortage of research methods with the spatiotemporal resolution required to identify and dissect fast reactivation or reconstruction of complex memories in the mammalian brain. The development of novel paradigms, model systems, and new tools in molecular genetics, electrophysiology, optogenetics, in situ microscopy, and functional imaging, have contributed markedly in recent years to our ability to investigate brain mechanisms of retrieval. We review selected developments in the study of explicit retrieval in the rodent and human brain. The picture that emerges is that retrieval involves coordinated fast interplay of sparse and distributed corticohippocampal and neocortical networks that may permit permutational binding of representational elements to yield specific representations. These representations are driven largely by the activity patterns shaped during encoding, but are malleable, subject to the influence of time and interaction of the existing memory with novel information.

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“…All statistical thresholds reported are corrected for multiple comparisons (p<0.05) using a cluster extent threshold. To enforce an a priori corrected threshold of p<0.05 we used the Monte Carlo simulations procedure in MATLAB as detailed in articles by Slotnick (Slotnick et al, 2003;Slotnick and Schacter, 2004). This procedure models the whole functional image volume and takes into account the 3-dimensional smoothing kernel (9mm 3 ) and an assumed type I error voxel activation probability (i.e.…”

Section: Brain Activity Pattern Underlying Letter Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%