A Serologic Survey of Oklahoma Cats for Antibodies to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Coronavirus, and <i>Toxoplasma Gondii</i> and for Antigen to Feline Leukemia Virus

Rodgers, Sandra J.; Baldwin, Charles A.

doi:10.1177/104063879000200305

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The results of this study were also in agreement with other studies in that co-infection of feline coronaviruses and other infectious agents or co-existence of coronaviral diseases and other disease conditions occurred in cats (Barlough and Stoddart, 1990, Pedersen, 1987, Rodgers and Baldwin, 1990, Sparkes et al, 1991. A high percentage (60.7%) of the non-FIP suspected cats with various other disease condiuons were shown also to be coronaviruspositive by PCR in this study (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The history, clinical signs, clinical chemistry, and hematological findings often are not specific, and the manifestations of many diseases in cats can be similar in these aspects (August, 1984, Barlough and Stoddart, 1990, Pedersen, 1987, Scott, 1989. A diagnosis based on the commonly used histopathologic examination often results in a wide range of differential diagnoses, especially for the "dry form" of FIP (Barlough and Stoddart, 1990, Pedersen, 1987, Rodgers and Baldwin, 1990, Scott, 1989, Sparkes et al, 1991. Serum antibody response in cats does not correlate directly to the coronavirus infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fourth, there exist biological and antigenic diversities of feline coronaviruses and host antibody response varies greatly (McKeirnan et al, 198 I, Pedersen, 1987, Tupper et al, 1987. Lastly, co-infection of feline coronaviruses with other infectious pathogens often occurs in cats (Pedersen, 1987, Rodgers and Baldwin, 1990, Sparkes et al, 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of feline coronaviruses in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues using polymerase chain reaction

Scott

1994

Veterinary Microbiology

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Feline coronavirus infections in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues were detected using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Cell cultures were inoculated with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) or sham inoculum. The tissue samples of liver, kidney and spleen were taken from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats that were inoculated intranasally with 10(3) TCID50 of FIPV 79-1146 (n = 10), FIPV UCD1 (n = 3) or sham inoculum (n = 3), from clinical cats (n = 43), and from formalin-fixed archived feline tissues (n = 49), respectively. Additional tissue samples were taken from the FIPV-inoculated cats (n = 6) and were kept at 4 degrees C, room temperatures (20-24 degrees C) and 37 degrees C respectively for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours before frozen (-70 degrees C) for PCR to evaluate the effects of the ambient temperatures and post-mortem intervals on the test. The samples were also fixed in 10% neutrally buffered formalin, 95% ethanol, and Bouin's solution respectively to evaluate the effects of the fixatives on the test. Positive PCR results were obtained from the cell cultures that were inoculated with FIPV and FECV and from the FIPV-inoculated cats (13/13). Negative PCR results were obtained from the sham-inoculated cell cultures and cats (3/3). Of the 92 clinical cats, 7 of the 8 FIP-suspected cats (87.5%) and 51 of the 84 non-FIP-suspected cats (60.7%) were shown to be virus-positive in at least one of the tissue samples. There was no significant difference in the PCR results between the fresh and the formalin-fixed tissues of the clinical cats (P > 0.05). Of the FIPV inoculated cats, the virus was detectable equally well in fresh and formalin-, Bouin's solution- or ethanol-fixed tissues. However, the amounts of total RNA extracted from the fixed tissues were significantly less than those from fresh tissues (P < 0.01). In tissues that were kept at 4 degrees C, the virus was detectable up to 96 h; at room temperatures, up to 48 h; and at 37 degrees C, up to 24 h, respectively.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of feline coronaviruses in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues using polymerase chain reaction

Scott

1994

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…Results are expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution that completely neutralized 100% of the respective challenging virus (''neutralized''), using a cut-off of 1:4. Latex agglutination assay was performed for T. gondii as described previously by Rodgers and Baldwin (1990). Results are expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum resulting in a clear agglutination; titers >1:16 were considered positive.…”

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma Exposure and Association with Hematological Parameters for Southern Beaufort Sea Polar Bears: Potential Response to Infectious Agents in a Sentinel Species

et al. 2010

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Arctic temperatures are increasing in response to greenhouse gas forcing and polar bears have already responded to changing conditions. Declines in body stature and vital rates have been linked to warming-induced loss of sea-ice. As food webs change and human activities respond to a milder Arctic, exposure of polar bears and other arctic marine organisms to infectious agents may increase. Because of the polar bear's status as arctic ecosystem sentinel, polar bear health could provide an index of changing pathogen occurrence throughout the Arctic, however, exposure and monitoring protocols have yet to be established. We examine prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, and four morbilliviruses (canine distemper [CDV], phocine distemper [PDV], dolphin morbillivirus [DMV], porpoise morbillivirus [PMV]) including risk factors for exposure. We also examine the relationships between antibody levels and hematologic values established in the previous companion article. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and morbilliviruses were found in both sample years. We found a significant inverse relationship between CDV titer and total leukocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils, and a significant positive relationship between eosinophils and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Morbilliviral prevalence varied significantly among age cohorts, with 1-2 year olds least likely to be seropositive and bears aged 5-7 most likely. Data suggest that the presence of CDV and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies is associated with polar bear hematologic values. We conclude that exposure to CDV-like antigen is not randomly distributed among age classes and suggest that differing behaviors among life history stages may drive probability of specific antibody presence.

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“…Infections with FIV have been found worldwide, their incidence varying from between 1 and 15% in healthy animals to between 3 and 44% in diseased cats (Gruffyd-Jones et al, 1988;IShida et al, 1988IShida et al, , 1989Lutz et al, 1988;Sabine et al, 1988;Belford et al, 1989;Bennett et al, 1989;Grindem et al, 1989;Hosie et al, 1989;Schuller, 1989;Neu et al, 1989;Povey and Hawkins 1989;Shelton et al, 1989b;Swinney et al, 1989;Yamamoto et al, 1989;Cohen et al, 1990;Rodgers and Baldwin, 1990). The virus infects domestic cats (Felis catus) and is species-specific.…”

Section: Epidemiological Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal immunodeficiency viruses

Egberink

Horzinek

1992

Veterinary Microbiology

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has morphological, physical and biochemical characteristics similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS in man. However, it is antigenically and genetically distinct from HIV; an antigenic relatedness with equine infectious anaemia virus has been demonstrated. FIV has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Diagnostic tests are commercially available and attempts at preparing inactivated, subunit and molecularly engineered vaccines are being made in different laboratories. During FIV infection a transient primary illness can be recognized, with fever, neutropenia and lymphadenopathy. After a long period of clinical normalcy a secondary stage is distinguished with signs of an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. The incubation period for this stage can be as long as 5 years, during which gradual impairment of immune function develops. Many FIV-infected cats are presented for the first time showing vague signs of illness: recurrent fevers, emaciation, lack of appetite, lymphadenopathy, anaemia, leucopenia and behavioural changes. Later, the predominant clinical signs observed are chronic stomatitis/gingivitis, enteritis, upper respiratory tract infections, and infections of the skin. Neoplasias, neurological, immunological and haematological disorder are seen in a smaller proportion. The immunodeficiency-like syndrome is progressive over a period of months to years. Concomitant infection with feline leukaemia virus has been shown to accelerate the progression of disease. In vitro, phenotypic mixing between FIV and an endogenous feline oncovirus (RD114) has been demonstrated which leads to a broadening of the cell spectrum of the lentivirus. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has been isolated only once, and all attempts to obtain additional isolates have failed; it has been recovered from the leucocytes of cattle with persistent lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, lesions in the central nervous system, progressive weakness and emaciation. As with the feline representative, BIV also was found to possess a lentivirus morphology and to encode a reverse transcriptase with Mg++ preference; it replicates and induces syncytia in a variety of embryonic bovine tissues in vitro. Antigenic analyses have demonstrated a conservation of epitopes between the major core protein of BIV and HIV. The original isolate has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. Besides the three large open reading frames (ORFs) comprising the gag, pol, and env genes common to all replication-competent retroviruses, five additional small ORFs were found. Numerous point mutations and deletions were found, mostly in the env-encoding ORF. These data suggest that, within a single virus isolate, BIV displays extensive genomic variation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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A Serologic Survey of Oklahoma Cats for Antibodies to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Coronavirus, and Toxoplasma Gondii and for Antigen to Feline Leukemia Virus

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

Detection of feline coronaviruses in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues using polymerase chain reaction

Detection of feline coronaviruses in cell cultures and in fresh and fixed feline tissues using polymerase chain reaction

Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma Exposure and Association with Hematological Parameters for Southern Beaufort Sea Polar Bears: Potential Response to Infectious Agents in a Sentinel Species

Animal immunodeficiency viruses

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