A serosurvey of water-borne pathogens amongst canoeists in South Africa

Taylor, Maureen B.; Becker, Peter; Rensburg, E. Janse Van; Harris, Bernice Nerine; Bailey, Irving W.; Grabow, W. O. K.

doi:10.1017/s0950268800058428

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For the meta‐analysis of prevalence rates in human samples, seven of the 43 human studies were excluded for the following reasons: Three because they only included studies of outbreaks . Three because they were studies of sero‐prevalence and not faecal carriage . One because the study was exclusively of healthy people and was not within the study period . …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013

Kabue¹,

Meader

Hunter

et al. 2015

Tropical Med Int Health

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Abstractobjectives To assess the contribution of Human Norovirus to diarrhoeal diseases in Africa. methods We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and EMBASE databases for published articles of Human Norovirus in Africa between 1990 and 2013. Data were extracted from selected studies and analysed.results A total of 208 eligible studies were identified, of which 55 (from 19 countries) met the inclusion criteria. Many cases were of sporadic gastroenteritis (70.9%) in children (82%), 65.4% of which were seen in an outpatient setting. Over half (59.4%) of the affected children were under 5 years of age. The pooled prevalence rate of Human NoV was 11% (95% CI 8-14%), and the meta-analysis indicated significant heterogeneity between the studies. However, the conditional negative binomial regression could not clearly find the factors affecting the Human NoV prevalence rates reported. A close relationship was found between Human Norovirus strains from environmental and clinical samples.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013

Kabue¹,

Meader

Hunter

et al. 2015

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…Of these, 27 (Table 1) were included in the final review. Of the 28 excluded studies, eight (Balarajan et al 1991;Calderon and Mood 1981;Fewtrell et al 1994;Harrington et al 1993;Jessop et al 1985;New Jersey Department of Health 1989;Seyfried et al 1985a;van Asperen et al 1995) were excluded because the data analysis and reporting were deemed insufficient, 11 were duplicated in other articles or reports (Bandaranayake et al 1995;Cabelli et al 1975Cabelli et al , 1979Cabelli et al , 1982Dufour 1984b;Jones et al 1991;Ktsanes et al 1981;Public Health Laboratory Service 1959;Pike 1990Pike , 1991Zmirou et al 1990), five reported outcomes that were not of immediate interest (typhoid, polio, serologic results, or public health impact) (D'Alessio et al 1981;ElSharkawi and Hassan 1979;Fleisher et al 1998;Philipp et al 1989;Taylor et al 1995); one examined a water quality measure not reported in any other study (cyanobacteria) (Pilotto et al 1997); and three did not measure GI illness (Calderon and Mood 1982;Charoenca and Fujioka 1995;Fleisher et al 1996).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Wade

Pai

Eisenberg

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

395

251

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Since the 1950s, numerous studies have examined the association between recreational water quality and health outcomes. Many of these studies have reported an increased risk of illness associated with exposure to recreational water. Several have related the level of contamination in the water, as measured by indicators of water quality, with the magnitude of risk. Despite extensive research on this topic, uncertainty remains about how water quality indicators can best be used in the regulation of recreational water environments. In 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA 1986) published recommended water quality criteria for recreational waters, which proposed the use of enterococci in marine water and enterococci and/or Escherichia coli in fresh water as indicator organisms. That report recommended regulatory levels based on geometric means of at least five samples over a 30-day period of 35 colony-forming units (cfu)/100 mL and 33 cfu/100 mL for enterococci in marine and fresh water, respectively; and 126 cfu/100 mL for E. coli in fresh water (U.S. EPA 1986). Fecal coliforms, which had been previously proposed for use as an indicator, were no longer recommended. The studies upon which these revised guidelines were based (Cabelli 1983;Dufour 1984a) have been criticized (Fleisher 1992), and the draft revised World Health Organization (2001) guidelines have been developed using more recent controlled studies ).Few attempts have been made to summarize and evaluate the existing literature in a systematic and quantitative framework. Pruss (1998) concluded that the literature strongly suggests a dose-response relationship between fecal contamination and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illness but did not examine the relationship between specific water quality indicators and health outcomes.Our primary goal in this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence linking specific microbial indicators of recreational water quality to specific health outcomes under nonoutbreak conditions. Secondary goals were to identify and describe critical study design issues, to quantify and evaluate sources of heterogeneity among the studies, and to evaluate the potential for health effects at or below the current suggested regulatory standards. MethodsLiterature search. Our literature search included several computerized databases: MEDLINE (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed), BIOSIS (www.biosis.org), OLDMEDLINE (http:// gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd), and EMBASE (http://openaccess.dialog.com/med/) for the period from 1950 to the present. We searched dissertations using the UMI/ProQuest Digital Dissertation Database (http://wwwlib.umi.com/ dissertations/gateway). The search terms included key words "recreational water and health" and subject heading searches for "environmental pollutants, adverse effects" or "water pollution, adverse effects." We consulted experts in the field and reviewed the bibliographies of relevant studies for additional references. We reviewed the titles and abstracts of a...

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“…The range of presumptive human enteric viruses, such as adenoviruses and reoviruses now serve as an indicator of faecal pollution, thus indicating that these waters are unfit for full‐contact recreational purposes 29. Recreational users of virally polluted waters are at a higher risk of meningitis and respiratory infections with small round structured viruses such as noroviruses forming a major cause of non‐bacterial gasteroentitis outbreaks 30.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance of Invasive Bacterial Pathogens and Human Enteric Viruses in Wastewater Final Effluents and Receiving Water Bodies – a Case Study from Durban, South Africa

Olaniran

Naidoo

Pillay

2012

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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The physico-chemical characteristics and microbial composition of the final effluents of two municipal wastewater treatment plants in South Africa were assessed between July and September 2009. The impact of the treated final effluents on the receiving water bodies was also evaluated. The temperature across all sampling points ranged between 14 and 228C, while pH varied from 6.9 to 7.6. High levels of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and orthophosphate (PO 4 ) were observed in many cases. Turbidity of the samples was in the range of 2.2-288.6 NTU. The concentrations (mg/L) of other physico-chemical parameters are as follows: COD (9.33-289); ammonia (0.000340-45.4); nitrate (0.062-539); nitrite (0.021-22.6); PO 4 (5.3-33.2). The microbial quality of the effluents discharged from the plants did not comply with the limits set by the South African guidelines with respect to pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, total coliform, faecal coliform, enterococci, faecal streptococci, and viral particles for effluents intended for discharge into receiving watersheds. This study revealed an undesirable impact on the physico-chemical and microbial qualities of the receiving water bodies as a result of the discharge of inadequately treated effluents from the wastewater treatment facilities. This poses a health risk to several rural communities which rely on the receiving water bodies primarily as their sources of domestic water and recreational purposes. There is therefore a need for the intervention of appropriate regulatory agencies in South Africa to ensure compliance of treatment facilities with wastewater effluent quality standards.

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A serosurvey of water-borne pathogens amongst canoeists in South Africa

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013

Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013

Do U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Surveillance of Invasive Bacterial Pathogens and Human Enteric Viruses in Wastewater Final Effluents and Receiving Water Bodies – a Case Study from Durban, South Africa

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