A shared comparison of diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM), one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases in the world population, is associated with a number of comorbid conditions including obesity, pancreatic endocrine changes, and renal and cardio‐cerebrovascular alterations, coupled with peripheral neuropathy and neurodegenerative disease, some of these disorders are bundled into metabolic syndrome. Type 1 DM (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin‐secreting islet cells. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is diabetes that is associated with an imbalance in the glucagon/insulin homeostasis that leads to the formation of amyloid deposits in the brain, pancreatic islet cells, and possibly in the kidney glomerulus. There are several layers of molecular pathologic alterations that contribute to the DM metabolic pathophysiology and its associated neuropathic manifestations. In this review, we describe the general signature metabolic features of DM and the cross‐talk with neurodegeneration. We will assess the underlying molecular key players associated with DM‐induced neuropathic disorders that are associated with both T1DM and T2DM. In this context, we will highlight the role of tau and amyloid protein deposits in the brain as well in the pancreatic islet cells, and possibly in the kidney glomerulus. Furthermore, we will discuss the central role of mitochondria, oxidative stress, and the unfolded protein response in mediating the DM‐associated neuropathic degeneration. This study will elucidate the relationship between DM and neurodegeneration which may account for the evolution of other neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as discussed later.

Urinary miR‐3137 and miR‐4270 as potential biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease

“…As important regulators of metabolism, miRNAs can affect several functions or processes. Variation of miRNAs can disturb multisystem developments, like nervous system, skeletal system, and so on 28,29 . Based on our results, disorders of endomembrane and bounding membrane systems (endosomes, intracellular vesicles, cytoplasmic vesicles, and cytoplasms) are also closely associated with the pathologic changes in DKD.…”

Safety and Neuroprotective Efficacy of Palm Oil and Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction from Palm Oil: A Systematic Review

“…Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder [51] and is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide [52]. Uncontrolled sustained hyperglycemia is the main pathophysiological feature of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to multisystemic complications [53]. Recent evidence suggests mutual underlying pathologies between diabetes mellitus and neurodegeneration [54] due to the homeostatic imbalance of glucagon-insulin in diabetes mellitus, which induces amyloid deposition in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans's and the brain [53].…”

“…Uncontrolled sustained hyperglycemia is the main pathophysiological feature of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to multisystemic complications [53]. Recent evidence suggests mutual underlying pathologies between diabetes mellitus and neurodegeneration [54] due to the homeostatic imbalance of glucagon-insulin in diabetes mellitus, which induces amyloid deposition in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans's and the brain [53]. In addition, diabetes mellitus and neurodegeneration share common pathophysiological events, including inflammation and oxidative stress [54].…”

The gut microbiota to the brain axis in the metabolic control

“…By working on aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders, as Alzheimer or Parkinson, we can understand better as the neuronal homeostasis is critical for glycemia regulations. It is known that 30% of Parkinson patients have impaired glucose tolerance, among whom 5.6% were newly diagnosed T2D and 26% were insulin resistant [45,46]. Inversely, the neurodegenerative disorders-suffering patients have more risk to develop obesity and T2D [47].…”