A Short Review on Animal Models in Psychopharmacology

Abstract

Psychopharmacological disorders are among the leading cause of non-fatal disease burden in India. One in seven Indians was affected by psychopharmacological disorders. Although psychopharmacological agents is used for the management of psychological disorders like anxiety, psychosis, depression and mania it may side effects such as tardative dyskinesia, weight gain, weight loss, muscle cramps, dysphoria, gastrointestinal upset, eye problems or problems with blood tests. In this present review we made an exposure regarding many screening methods on evaluation of psychopharmacological disorders like anxiety, depression, psychosis and mania in the aspects of preclinical studies. These methods are very useful to evaluate the psychopharmacological agents like anti-anxiety agents, anti-psychotics, anti-depressants and anti-manic agents.

Animals Use to Find Anxiolytic Activity: An Updated Review with Advantage of Each Model

“…Nowadays, the FPT is being utilized more and more to identify possibly novel anxiolytic medications' anti-anxiety properties. 6,10…”

“…Nevertheless, in this model, the administration of some antidepressants, including imipramine, fluvoxamine, or amitriptyline, appears to have no impact. 6,10,11,12 VOGEL WATER-LICK CONFLICT TEST The test, which was created by Vogel et al, is a well-known method for identifying anxiolytic action similar to diazepam in rats. A waterspout rewards thirty animals with water, but in exchange, they get a little electric shock to the mouth.…”

“…It was noted that they would sniff, nibble, groom, follow, mount, kick, box, wrestle, and leap on, under, or over their buddy. 3,10 MARBLE BURYING TEST The behavioral model used in studies on obsessive compulsive disorder is the Marble Burying Test. Neophobia is the dread of unfamiliar or odd items; when rats are exposed, they exhibit certain behaviors such as digging, burrowing, and rearing.…”

“…The mice were carefully taken out of the chamber after the 60minute test, and the number of marbles that had been buried (meaning that at least 50% of them were hidden by bedding) was counted. 3,10 NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION TEST Ennaceur and Delacour initially suggested this test, which is based on the differential investigation of known and unknown objects. The benefit is that, unlike the visual recognition test in subhuman primates, it is based only on working memory and does not require any unpleasant stimuli, such as electric shock.…”

“…The time spent in the light area is the most reliable parameter for assessing anxiolytic activity. After administering the test drug, each animal was placed in the center of the light compartment for 30 minutes, and the number of transitions and time spent in the light zone were noted 6,10,19,20. MIRROR CHAMBER TEST Placing a mirror in an animal's surroundings causes many of them to react with approach avoidance.…”