A SiGe 8-channel comparator for application in a synthetic aperture radiometer

Ryman, Erik J; Andersson, Stefan; Riesbeck, J.; Dejanovic, Slavko; Emrich, Anders; Larsson-Edefors, Per

doi:10.1109/iscas.2013.6571979

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…First, it is impossible for the FPGA to do cross-correlation processing synchronous with a clock up to 1 GHz, and a mechanism like serial-to-parallel conversion is needed to reduce the working frequency without data loss. Second, common comparator chips have no source-synchronous clock output for data reception as the ASIC presented in [23], while the sampled data have to be synchronized to the same clock domain to perform cross-correlation. Third, pin variations of the FPGA will introduce non-negligible bit skew when synchronizing tens of data lines across several banks to the same clock domain at 1 GHz, even though the arriving data are totally synchronous at the input/output (IO) pins of the FPGA.…”

Section: Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

Guo

Asif

et al. 2019

Sensors

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We present a 64-channel 1-bit/2-level cross-correlation system for a passive millimeter wave imager used for indoor human body security screening. Sixty-four commercial comparators are used to perform 1-bit analog-to-digital conversion, and a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is used to perform the cross-correlation processing. This system can handle 2016 cross-correlations at the sample frequency of 1GHz, and its power consumption is 48.75 W. The data readout interface makes it possible to read earlier data while simultaneously performing the next correlation when imaging at video rate. The longest integration time is up to 68.7 s, which can satisfy the requirements of video rate imaging and system calibration. The measured crosstalk between neighboring channels is less than 0.068%, and the stability is longer than 10 s. A correlation efficiency greater than 96% is achieved for input signal levels greater than −25 dBm.

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Section: Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

Guo

Asif

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…The signal inputs are divided into 12 banks, each with 8 data and one clock input, matching the output interface of a custombuilt ADC [9]. Clock inputs are differential and use a current mode logic (CML) based termination with 100-Ω resistors to a positive voltage level, V term .…”

Section: A Data Path and System Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. The custom-built ADCs [9] allow for per-channel offset tuning, making this task simple. At the system level, the input signals would then have to be split into two ADCs.…”

Section: B Reconfigurabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3-GHz reconfigurable 2/3-level 96/48-channel cross-correlator for synthetic aperture radiometry

Ryman

Emrich

Svensson

et al. 2017

ESSCIRC 2017 - 43rd IEEE European Solid State Circuits Conference

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Abstract-We present a cross-correlator ASIC for synthetic aperture imaging of Earth's atmosphere. Reconfigurability as a 2-level 96-channel or 3-level 48-channel cross-correlator provides adaptability to a wider array of applications. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process, the cross-correlator is capable of running at clock speeds of up to 3 GHz. In 2-level 96-channel mode, the cross-correlator consumes only 1.1 W at 2.5 GHz and 1.2 V, yielding a power efficiency of 96 µW/prod/GHz. The 450-Mb/s readout speed and double-buffering reduce blanking time of the interferometer system to a minimum.

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“…A cross-correlator system essentially comprises A/D conversion and signal processing. We developed ASICs for A/D conversion [2] and cross-correlation [1] separately. While integration of both on a single die would have offered some advantages, there are good reasons for splitting sampling and cross-correlation into different ASICs.…”

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on two types of ASICs, our cross-correlator system demonstrates that an aperture-synthesis approach can become a viable option for an Earth-observing microwave sounder in GEO. The ASICs have each been briefly reported previously [1], [2]; this article additionally provides a full system description and reports extensive chip-and system-level measurements which verify our approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1.6 GHz Low-Power Cross-Correlator System Enabling Geostationary Earth Orbit Aperture Synthesis

Ryman

Emrich

Andersson

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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We present a 64-channel cross-correlator system for space-borne synthetic aperture imaging. Two different types of ASICs were developed to fit into this system: An 8-channel comparator ASIC implemented in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS process technology performs A/D conversion, while a single 64-channel digital cross-correlator ASIC implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process performs the signal processing. The digital ASIC handles 2016 cross-correlations at up to 3.6 GS/s and has a power dissipation of only 0.13 mW/correlation/GHz at a supply voltage of 1 V. The comparator ASIC can handle sample rates of at least 4.5 GS/s with a power dissipation of 47 mW/channel or 1 GS/s with a power dissipation of 17 mW/channel. The assembled system consists of a single board measuring a mere 136 136 mm and weighing only 135 g. The assembled system demonstrates crosstalk of 0.04% between neighboring channels and stability of 800 s. We provide ASIC and system-board measurement results that demonstrate that aperture synthesis can be a viable approach for Earth observation from a geostationary Earth orbit.

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A SiGe 8-channel comparator for application in a synthetic aperture radiometer

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

A 3-GHz reconfigurable 2/3-level 96/48-channel cross-correlator for synthetic aperture radiometry

1.6 GHz Low-Power Cross-Correlator System Enabling Geostationary Earth Orbit Aperture Synthesis

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