A simple and inexpensive method for sharpening permanent steel knives with sandpaper

Barbosa, Antonio C. F.; Costa, Gisele R. O.; Angyalossy, Verônica; Santos, Tássia C. Dos; Pace, Marcelo R.

doi:10.1163/22941932-20170212

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…During field work the samples were immediately fixed in FAA 50 (10% formalin, 5% acetic acid, 50% ethanol) and then transferred to a solution of 70% ethanol [ 37 ]. Anatomical sections were obtained following two different procedures: (i) young and small stems samples were dehydrated in an ethanol series, embedded in Historesin (Leica Mycrosystem, Wetzlar, Germany), sectioned in a rotary microtome (Leica RM2145, Nussloch, Eisfeld, Germany), and stained in 0.05% toluidine blue in glacial acetic buffer at pH 4.7 [ 38 ]; (ii) adult and large samples were softened in 5% ethylenediamine for up to 2 days [ 39 ], embedded in polyethylene glycol 1500, sectioned in a sliding microtome (Leica SM2010R, Nussloch, Eisfeld, Germany) [ 40 , 41 ] and double stained in 1% astra blue and 1% safranine [ 42 ]. Sections were mounted with coverslip in Canada Balsam or Entellan® synthetic resin (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) to make permanent slides.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking the evolution of development of stem vascular system in Nyctaginaceae and its correlation to habit and species diversification

Neto

Pace

Hernández-Gutiérrez

et al. 2022

EvoDevo

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Background Alternative patterns of secondary growth in stems of Nyctaginaceae is present in all growth habits of the family and have been known for a long time. However, the interpretation of types of cambial variants have been controversial, given that different authors have given them different developmental interpretations. The different growth habits coupled with an enormous stem anatomical diversity offers the unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of complex developments, to address how these anatomies shifted within habits, and how the acquisition of novel cambial variants and habit transitions impacted the diversification of the family. Methods We integrated developmental data with a phylogenetic framework to investigate the diversity and evolution of stem anatomy in Nyctaginaceae using phylogenetic comparative methods, reconstructing ancestral states, and examining whether anatomical shifts correspond to species diversification rate shifts in the family. Results Two types of cambial variants, interxylary phloem and successive cambia, were recorded in Nyctaginaceae, which result from four different ontogenies. These ontogenetic trajectories depart from two distinct primary vascular structures (regular or polycyclic eustele) yet, they contain shared developmental stages which generate stem morphologies with deconstructed boundaries of morphological categories (continuum morphology). Unlike our a priori hypotheses, interxylary phloem is reconstructed as the ancestral character for the family, with three ontogenies characterized as successive cambia evolving in few taxa. Cambial variants are not contingent on habits, and their transitions are independent from species diversification. Conclusions Our findings suggest that multiple developmental mechanisms, such as heterochrony and heterotopy, generate the transitions between interxylary phloem and successive cambia. Intermediate between these two extremes are present in Nyctaginaceae, suggesting a continuum morphology across the family as a generator of anatomical diversity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking the evolution of development of stem vascular system in Nyctaginaceae and its correlation to habit and species diversification

Neto

Pace

Hernández-Gutiérrez

et al. 2022

EvoDevo

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“…All samples were softened in 4 % ethylenediamine for two days within a paraffin oven (Carlquist 1982). Anatomical sections of the transverse, longitudinal radial and longitudinal tangential planes were performed with the aid of a sliding microtome and permanent steel knives sharpened with sandpapers of different grids (Barbosa et al 2018). Wood sections were obtained from unembedded materials and stained in 1 % aqueous safranin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic placement of enigmatic Astianthus (Bignoniaceae) based on molecular data, wood and bark anatomy

et al. 2021

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Background: Astianthus is a monospecific arborescent genus of Bignoniaceae that occur in the Pacific Coast of central Mexico and northern Central America, where it grows in dense populations along riversides. Its phylogenetic placement has remained controversial since Astianthus has unusual morphological characters such as a four-loculed ovary, and simple, pulvinate, verticillate leaves. Methods: Here we used three plastid markers ndhF, rbcL, and trnL-F, wood, and bark anatomical data to investigate the phylogenetic placement of Astianthus and assign it to one of Bignoniaceae’s main clades. Results: Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that Astianthus belongs in tribe Tecomeae s.s., where other charismatic Neotropical Bignoniaceae genera such as Campsis and Tecoma are currently placed. Wood and bark anatomy support this placement, as Astianthus reunites a unique combination of features only known from members of Tecomeae s.s., such as storied axial parenchyma, the co-occurrence of homo- and heterocellular rays, septate fibers, and scattered phloem fibers in the bark. Conclusions: The placement of Astianthus within Tecomeae s.s. provides further support to previous proposals for the Neotropical origin of this Pantropical tribe.

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“…For even larger stem samples, inclusion in polyethylene glycol 1500 was adopted (Barbosa et al., ). Permanent steel knives perfectly sharpened with sandpaper were used (Barbosa et al., ). The slides were mounted in synthetic resin (Permount; Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity, distribution, development, and evolution of medullary bundles in Nyctaginaceae

Neto

Pace

Douglas

et al. 2020

American J of Botany

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Premise Medullary bundles, i.e., vascular units in the pith, have evolved multiple times in vascular plants. However, no study has ever explored their anatomical diversity and evolution within a phylogenetic framework. Here, we investigated the development of the primary vascular system within Nyctaginaceae showing how medullary bundles diversified within the family. Methods Development of 62 species from 25 of the 31 genera of Nyctaginaceae in stem samples was thoroughly studied with light microscopy and micro‐computed tomography. Ancestral states were reconstructed using a maximum likelihood approach. Results Two subtypes of eusteles were found, the regular eustele, lacking medullary bundles, observed exclusively in representatives of Leucastereae, and the polycyclic eustele, containing medullary bundles, found in all the remaining taxa. Medullary bundles had the same origin and development, but the organization was variable and independent of phyllotaxy. Within the polycyclic eustele, medullary bundles developed first, followed by the formation of a continuous concentric procambium, which forms a ring of vascular bundles enclosing the initially formed medullary bundles. The regular eustele emerged as a synapomorphy of Leucastereae, while the medullary bundles were shown to be a symplesiomorphy for Nyctaginaceae. Conclusions Medullary bundles in Nyctaginaceae developed by a single shared pathway, that involved the departure of vascular traces from lateral organs toward the pith. These medullary bundles were encircled by a continuous concentric procambium that also constituted the polycyclic eustele, which was likely a symplesiomorphy for Nyctaginaceae with one single reversion to the regular eustele.

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A simple and inexpensive method for sharpening permanent steel knives with sandpaper

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Linking the evolution of development of stem vascular system in Nyctaginaceae and its correlation to habit and species diversification

Linking the evolution of development of stem vascular system in Nyctaginaceae and its correlation to habit and species diversification

Phylogenetic placement of enigmatic Astianthus (Bignoniaceae) based on molecular data, wood and bark anatomy

Diversity, distribution, development, and evolution of medullary bundles in Nyctaginaceae

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