“…[14][15][16] With its two-dimensional matrix structure, graphene is considered to be a single layer of stripped graphite 17 and plays multiple roles in biomedical applications through introducing hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxy groups, 18,19 as well as in antibodies, medicines, and functional nanoparticles. 16,20,21 For example, graphene can be loaded with hemin through a π-π conjugation effect, 22,23 and the amino groups in streptavidin can be reacted with carboxyl groups on modified graphene. 24,25 A biotinylated MHC monomer, thus, can be loaded onto a graphene surface through biotin-streptavidin effect.…”