A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of six constituents in hawthorn leaves

Single-Laboratory Validation for the Determination of Flavonoids in Hawthorn Leaves and Finished Products by LC-UV

“…This method is applicable to a wide range of materials, including raw leaves and flowers and finished products, and has been subjected to a rigorous validation study using international guidelines. These were not investigated in previous method studies [3,12,13,19]. The current method simplified the sample preparation steps and reduced the LC run time compared to previous methods.…”

“…Several previous methods require multiple sample transfers and vacuum drying at 40°C, increasing sample preparation time and the potential for losses [2,3,13]. The current method reduced the LC separation to 25 min without comprising the separation, and is shorter than previous methods with run times of 30-50 min [3,12,13]. This is the first validated method fit for the purpose of quantifying five major phytochemicals in a wide range of materials, including both raw and finished products, from North American and European hawthorn species.…”

“…! Past protocols for extraction of flavonoids from hawthorn have used solvents that ranged from 50 to 100% methanol with a variety of extraction methods (e.g., soxhlet, ultrasonic bath, orbital shaker), times, and solvent to volume ratios [2,3,12,13]. Optimization of the sample preparation was performed using a two-level factorial design with six factors: radiation (light/dark), acid percentage (1/4 %), extraction type (sonication/shaking), extraction time (30 min/60 min), sample mass (100 mg/500 mg), and percent methanol (30/70 %).…”

“…Previous validated methods for leaves and flowers were optimized for two of the most popular Chinese hawthorn varieties, C. pinnatifida Bge. Var Major N. E.Br and C. pinnatifida Bge [2,12]. The current method was optimized for European and North American hawthorn species, which are morphologically and chemically different than the Chinese hawthorn species [4].…”

Effervescence and graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes assisted microextraction for natural antioxidants by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

“…is a member of the Rosaceae family, and has been widely used as food and medicinal material in Asia, Europe and North America [20]. Recent researches showed that phenolic compounds were the major group of active components in hawthorn, and they have been confirmed to possess remarkable antioxidative activities [21,22].…”