A Simple Approach to the Repeatability of the Schirmer Test Without Anesthesia

Serin, Didem; Karsloğlu, Şafak; Kyan, Aysu; Alagöz, Gürsoy

doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e3180950083

Cited by 69 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In support of this, Singh Bhinder et al reported that the Schirmer I results change according to reflex epiphora when performed with opened eyes [30]. Indeed, closing the eyes while the test is performed has been recently found to increase its reliability, successfully minimizing the influence of such factors [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of dry eye signs and symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis

Gomes

Santhiago

Azevedo

et al. 2012

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Background One of the most frequent ocular features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is dry eye disease (DED), which has been identified to occur in 37-79% of patients.Although several studies have found weak or no correlations between symptoms and signs of dry eye, symptoms are often the motivation for seeking eye care, and are therefore a critical outcome measure when assessing treatment effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of symptoms of dry eye on vision-related quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis, and to investigate the relation between clinical tests and symptoms of dry eye in these patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 45 consecutive patients with SSc were enrolled. For evaluation of the symptoms the "Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)" questionnaire was applied to all patients. After that, all individuals were submitted to a full ophthalmic examination, including the following tests: tear break-up time, Schirmer I, rose bengal staining. Patients were then grouped into dry eye and non-dry eye groups with regard to the diagnosis of dry eye. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables, whereas the Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data between groups. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the correlations between clinical tests and OSDI scores. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results Dry eye disease was diagnosed in 22 patients (48.9%). Other ocular surface abnormalities found were: blepharitis (40% of the patients), pterygium (15.6%), pinguecula (82.2%), and superficial punctate keratitis (26.7%). Among the 45 patients, 29 patients (64.4%) had symptoms of ocular surface disease. The mean OSDI score was 26.8±25.8 (SD). There were no statistically significant differences in OSDI scores between DED and non-DED patients. No substantive correlations were found between OSDI scores and TBUT, Schirmer I, or rose bengal staining score, and none of the observed correlations reached statistical significance. Conclusion Symptoms of dry eye have a moderate impact on vision-related quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis and do not correlate well with clinical findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Evaluation of dry eye signs and symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis

Gomes

Santhiago

Azevedo

et al. 2012

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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“…2 The popularity of the ST has been attributed to its relative simplicity and low cost when compared with alternative methods of assessing tear production. 3 However, despite its widespread use, the ST has a number of shortcomings which are well recognized, [3][4][5][6][7] including poor reproducibility and poor patient comfort.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Humidity on Tests of Tear Production

Buckmaster

Pearce

2016

Cornea

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Patients with severe dry eye disease produce Schirmer test results which are unaffected by environmental humidity. However, patients with moderate Schirmer wetting lengths may be falsely diagnosed as having dry eye disease if their test is undertaken in a low-humidity environment. This phenomenon may be overcome with the use of plastic sheathing. Previous studies investigating the effects of environmental conditions on the tear film may have been affected by this phenomenon.

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“…The strip was inserted into lower temporal conjunctival sac and the wet length of the paper was measured on millimeter after 5 min. Eyes were closed during the test to get more reliable data [12]. NIBUT was performed with Tearscope Plus (Keeler Instruments Ltd., Windsor).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%