Our study suggests that administering the ST with the patient's eyes closed produces less variable results and more repeatability than STo in normal subjects. Although our results may not extend to dry eye patient populations, we propose that STc without anesthesia can be considered by those ophthalmologists who frequently use the ST as an adjunct to the differential diagnosis of dry eye in patients presenting with ocular discomfort, making ST a more reliable test in everyday practice.

Our study suggests that DCR with double-flap anastomosis has no advantage over DCR with only anterior flaps. Anastomosis by suturing only anterior flaps and excision of the posterior flaps is easier to perform and does not appear to adversely affect the outcome of DCR surgery.

Implant infection is a serious problem that requires additional patient visits, intensive antibiotic therapy, surgery, or some combination of these. Existence of a peg system appears to play a role in implant infection. Infection may develop as late as 6 to 7 years after pegging, and the patient should be cautioned about potential late-onset problems. It is possible to control the infection with appropriate antibiotic therapy; removal should be reserved for refractory cases.

Dermoid and epidermoid cysts are choristomas that form due to the entrapment of epithelial remnants within the bony suture lines during embryologic development, around third and fifth week of gestation. Although these rare cysts, particularly the epidermoids, are most often seen in the cranial bones, they only constitute about 1% of all cranial tumors. Approximately, 25% of cranial epidermoids form in the diploic space of the membranaous bones of the skull, hence called intradiploic cysts. We describe the clinical manifestations and treatment of an intradiploic epidermoid cyst (IEC) of the orbital part of the frontal bone, which caused skin fistulization to the lateral aspect of the left upper eyelid. Clinical and surgical features are discussed and the pathogenesis of the skin fistula is analyzed.