Abstract:This infrared-augmented photography technique supplements medical education, and aids in the more rapid detection, diagnosis, and documentation of a wide spectrum of pupillary abnormalities. Its portability and ease of use with minimal training complements the education of trainees and facilitates the establishment of difficult diagnoses.
“…An inexpensive illumination device was constructed using six infrared emitting diodes (850 nm, 1100 mW/sr) attached to a spectacle frame and connected to a 9-volt battery as described by Shazly et al 9 Adhesive metric ruler tape was attached along the top and lateral sides of the frame so that a measuring device was included in each photograph ( Fig. 2 ).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…From each photograph the magnitude of the anisocoria was assessed, and the mean anisocoria across two photographs was used for data analysis. Figure 2 Custom-build infrared light source used for digital pupillometry (Shazly et al 9 ). The top photo was taken in normal room light with the infrared LEDs turned off.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Custom-build infrared light source used for digital pupillometry (Shazly et al 9 ). The top photo was taken in normal room light with the infrared LEDs turned off.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The purpose of this study is to determine whether the frequency of anisocoria in normal, healthy adult subjects with brown irides, assessed in both bright and dim illumination, differs across two measurement techniques: (1) photography with binocular infrared illumination, 9 versus (2) gross measurement with mm ruler and additional dim illumination below the chin (as needed).…”
Purpose
Detection of anisocoria in those with dark irides is difficult, and failure to detect anisocoria can have dire consequences. Whether infrared pupillometry and gross measurement would yield different prevalence rates for anisocoria in those with dark irides is unknown. We compared the frequency of anisocoria in healthy adults with dark irides assessed with mm ruler versus infrared pupillometry.
Methods
Pupil diameters in light (L) and dark (D) conditions were obtained to identify anisocoria in 59 human subjects with dark irides using two techniques. To avoid bias, gross measurements (S) with ruler were taken first. Pupils were imaged under infrared illumination mounted in a spectacle frame with mm tape attached. Adobe Photoshop was used to measure pupil sizes on the digital images (O).
Results
Proportions of anisocoria by group were SL .034, OL .130, SD 0.00, OD .135. Fisher's exact test showed that anisocoria in dim light was more frequent with the infrared photo technique. Exact binomial probability testing showed that the anisocoria in SL and SD conditions was not different from an expected proportion of 5%; whereas anisocoria in OL condition was not different from an expected proportion of 20%, and anisocoria in OD condition was not different from expected proportions of 10, 15, and 20%.
Conclusions
In people with dark irides, ruler measurements of pupil size underestimate the frequency of anisoria in dim lighting conditions compared to the use of infrared pupillometry. Whether detection rates of pathologic anisocoria differ with measurement technique remain to be explored.
“…An inexpensive illumination device was constructed using six infrared emitting diodes (850 nm, 1100 mW/sr) attached to a spectacle frame and connected to a 9-volt battery as described by Shazly et al 9 Adhesive metric ruler tape was attached along the top and lateral sides of the frame so that a measuring device was included in each photograph ( Fig. 2 ).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…From each photograph the magnitude of the anisocoria was assessed, and the mean anisocoria across two photographs was used for data analysis. Figure 2 Custom-build infrared light source used for digital pupillometry (Shazly et al 9 ). The top photo was taken in normal room light with the infrared LEDs turned off.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Custom-build infrared light source used for digital pupillometry (Shazly et al 9 ). The top photo was taken in normal room light with the infrared LEDs turned off.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The purpose of this study is to determine whether the frequency of anisocoria in normal, healthy adult subjects with brown irides, assessed in both bright and dim illumination, differs across two measurement techniques: (1) photography with binocular infrared illumination, 9 versus (2) gross measurement with mm ruler and additional dim illumination below the chin (as needed).…”
Purpose
Detection of anisocoria in those with dark irides is difficult, and failure to detect anisocoria can have dire consequences. Whether infrared pupillometry and gross measurement would yield different prevalence rates for anisocoria in those with dark irides is unknown. We compared the frequency of anisocoria in healthy adults with dark irides assessed with mm ruler versus infrared pupillometry.
Methods
Pupil diameters in light (L) and dark (D) conditions were obtained to identify anisocoria in 59 human subjects with dark irides using two techniques. To avoid bias, gross measurements (S) with ruler were taken first. Pupils were imaged under infrared illumination mounted in a spectacle frame with mm tape attached. Adobe Photoshop was used to measure pupil sizes on the digital images (O).
Results
Proportions of anisocoria by group were SL .034, OL .130, SD 0.00, OD .135. Fisher's exact test showed that anisocoria in dim light was more frequent with the infrared photo technique. Exact binomial probability testing showed that the anisocoria in SL and SD conditions was not different from an expected proportion of 5%; whereas anisocoria in OL condition was not different from an expected proportion of 20%, and anisocoria in OD condition was not different from expected proportions of 10, 15, and 20%.
Conclusions
In people with dark irides, ruler measurements of pupil size underestimate the frequency of anisoria in dim lighting conditions compared to the use of infrared pupillometry. Whether detection rates of pathologic anisocoria differ with measurement technique remain to be explored.
“…Specialists have employed different methods to acquire the diameters of pupils. For example, they have used infrared photography and equipment to digitize with sufficient sensitivity to identify variations of 0.1 to 0.5 mm [11], [12]. On the other hand, traditional studies on anisocoria consider the perimeter or diameter and not the area of pupils [7], [13].…”
This paper analyzes a cohort of children diagnosed with congenital strabismus independent of the deviation direction, dissociated and non-dissociated, to identify anisocoria magnitude under scotopic conditions. This disease presents changes in the white matter affecting the nerve conduction in the cortical integrator, exacerbating the reflexes controlling pupil size, producing subtle changes in the pupil dimensions that are difficult to measure using current methods. The proposed indexes estimate the degree of anisocoria using the Feret diameter and the Pattern Pupil parameter. This research presents a prospective, transversal, and experimental study carried out on 168-Mexican children aged 5-15 years from Querétaro, México, diagnosed with dissociated and non-dissociated congenital strabismus. The utilized images come from videos of each patient recorded in scotopic lighting conditions (0.3 lux). The ophthalmologist measured the Feret diameters of both pupils using the ImageJ software. 11.9% of the sample group showed "Very significant," and "Significant" degrees of anisocoria, whereas 88.1% of the sample group had "Nonsignificant," and "Few significant" degrees of anisocoria. When comparing the results with those obtained using the perimeter, and the diameter, subtle variations of anisocoria were better detected using the area criterion. ANOVA experiments allowed the following: 1) dissociated and non-dissociated congenital strabismus identification using nidp index, and 2) the comparison of the anisocoria degrees identified by the nidp and Ddmm ≥ 0.4 mm indexes.
Pulsation in the blood vessels of the eye has a big impact on the dynamics of the entire eyeball and its individual elements. Blood pulsation in the retina can be recorded by the pupil, whose size is also subject to dynamic changes. The study involved synchronous measurements of pupil size using a high-speed camera, and blood pulsation using a pulse oximeter placed on the ear lobe. In addition, there were no metrologically significant differences in the phase shift between the average brightness of the individual pupil quadrants. Blood pulsation in other ocular tissues can affect the dynamics of the optical properties of the eye. As demonstrated in this paper, it affects the pupil behavior and its parameters to a considerable extent.
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