A simple infrared photocell device and its interface to an Apple computer

Batson, John D.; Turner, J. David

doi:10.3758/bf03201407

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Not heretofore published are the details of the photobeam detector positioned in each chamber that was used to record the duration of the rat's insertion of its head (head entry) into the dipper well. The photodetector was based on a modification of the circuit described by Batson and Turner (1986), but with no lens beyond that provided by the infrared light-emitting diode (LED). The LED-detector pair was located in a cylindrical PVC collar (2.5 cm long with a 5.8cm inside diameter).…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing Between Haloperidol's and Decamethonium's Disruptive Effects on Operant Behavior in Rats: Use of Measurements That Complement Response Rate

Fowler

Skjoldager

Liao

et al. 1991

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The behavioral effects of haloperidol (0.04 to 0.16 mg/kg) and nonparalytic doses of decamethonium (0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg) were studied with operant methods that permitted the measurement of response rate, peak force of response, duration of response, and duration of the rat's head entry into the reinforcement dipper well. Type of operant response topography (forelimb press or forelimb graspand-pull) and peak force (low or high) required for reinforcement delivery were independent variables. The low-force, press-topography condition yielded qualitatively different profiles for the two drugs. Haloperidol increased peak force and duration of operant response, increased maximum head entry duration, and temporally dissociated forelimb and head entry behavior. Decamethonium decreased force and duration of operant response, did not appreciably affect maximum head entry duration, and did not influence the normal temporal coupling of forelimb and head entry responses. The haloperidol effects were seen as reflections of pseudo-Parkinsonism, not muscle weakness, which appeared to be the primary source of decamethonium's behavioral effects.

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Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing Between Haloperidol's and Decamethonium's Disruptive Effects on Operant Behavior in Rats: Use of Measurements That Complement Response Rate

Fowler

Skjoldager

Liao

et al. 1991

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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show abstract

“…1A and B) to focus the light towards the sensor more effectively. One solution is to add a lens to the housing unit of the LED to further focus the IR light towards the sensor (Batson and Turner, 1986). However, this is optional as the equipment can still be effective without the lens (Wilson, 1996(Wilson, , 2004Wilson et al, 1992Wilson et al, , 2000.…”

Section: Housingmentioning

confidence: 97%

A simple and effective method for building inexpensive infrared equipment used to monitor animal locomotion

McLelland

Winkler

Martin‐Iverson

2015

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…Additional elements may be added to form a monitor of the desired resolving power(ability to detectsmall movements). Both the axial density of the IR-LED/phototransistor pairs and the separation between the LED and its detector may be greatly increased by use of focusing apparatus (see Batson & Turner, 1986). The geometry of the device is best determined empirically according to the size of subjects, numberof axes, anddesiredresolution of movement.…”

Section: The Latched Photocell Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of photocellbased devices, although biased toward measuring locomotion, cannotpractically be made refractory to animals performing maintenance functions such as grooming whileoccluding a beam. A numberof "hand-built" and commercial photocell-based devices are currently available that provide data on general activity (see Batson& Turner, 1986;Clarke et al, 1985). Only a few rather costly ($2,500 and higher) commercial instruments (e.g., Columbus Instruments and Omni-Tech) are capable of distinguishing between locomotion and stereotypic activities such as grooming, preening, scratching, or digging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An infrared device to monitor discrete ambulatory and stereotypic behaviors

Clarke

Smith

Justesen

1988

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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An electronic device that can detect discrete ambulatory and stereotypic behaviors of animals is described. The system involves a minimum of two infrared (lR) beams, each connected to a set/reset flip-flop or latch. The initial occlusionof an IR beam simultaneously sets a latch, delivers a locomotion pulse output, and resets any previously set latch whose IR beam is not occluded. A set latch causes its associated IR beam to be refractory to further locomotionmovements until reset by the occlusionof a second IR beam. All beams are continuously responsive to stereotypic activity.Changes in activityor locationhave long ranked among the most popular measures of animal behavior. These measures, in part due to the relative simplicity with which they can be automated, have played no small part in increasing objectivity and reliability in psychology. Of the numerous mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic methodsof monitoring these behaviors, infrared-photocell devices have often proved to be among the simplest and least intrusive (Clarke, Smith, & Justesen, 1985).Regardlessof operationalprinciple, most motion detectors providea measureof generalactivity withoutclassifying thisactivity intocomponents. The majority of photocellbased devices, although biased toward measuring locomotion, cannotpractically be made refractory to animals performing maintenance functions such as grooming whileoccluding a beam. A numberof "hand-built" and commercial photocell-based devices are currently available that provide data on general activity (see Batson& Turner, 1986;Clarke et al., 1985). Only a few rather costly ($2,500 and higher) commercial instruments (e.g., Columbus Instruments and Omni-Tech) are capable of distinguishing between locomotion and stereotypic activities such as grooming, preening, scratching, or digging.This report describes a flexible, conceptually simple, and inexpensive infrared (IR) device that employs electronic circuits to dissect activity into its ambulatory and stereotypic components.

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A simple infrared photocell device and its interface to an Apple computer

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Distinguishing Between Haloperidol's and Decamethonium's Disruptive Effects on Operant Behavior in Rats: Use of Measurements That Complement Response Rate

Distinguishing Between Haloperidol's and Decamethonium's Disruptive Effects on Operant Behavior in Rats: Use of Measurements That Complement Response Rate

A simple and effective method for building inexpensive infrared equipment used to monitor animal locomotion

An infrared device to monitor discrete ambulatory and stereotypic behaviors

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