“…Among these methods, electrochemical assays have attracted increasing attention due to high sensitivity, lowcost, easy miniaturization, and fast response. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] To improve sensitivity, various nanomaterials are introduced in electrochemical sensors due to the their excellent optical and electric properties, unique structures, and good biocompatibility, such as metal nanoparticles and nanoclusters, carbon nanomaterials, quantum dots (QDs), metal−organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, semiconductors nanomaterials, and their nanocomposites. [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Although great achievements of these electrochemical approaches have been developed for the detection of T4 PNK activity and screening its inhibitors, it still remains a challenge to develop more simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive methods for T4 PNK activity assay.…”